張文軍
摘要:在多年的英語教學(xué)中,我發(fā)現(xiàn)學(xué)生對一些語言現(xiàn)象和表達方式感到疑惑不解,難以分辨。就此,我在大量相關(guān)的句子中經(jīng)過比較篩選,并根據(jù)個人的理解和在實際教學(xué)實踐中取得的良好效果做了一些梳理、歸納分辨和解釋,以期讀者從中受益。
關(guān)鍵詞:英語教學(xué);疑難點;區(qū)別;辨析
一、 差比句型中否定意義的區(qū)別
1. He is not better than you.(否定前者肯定后者)
2. He is no better than you.(前后都否定)
3. He is not richer than you.(絕對意義)
4. He is less rich than you.(相對意義)
二、 表達被動意義或性狀的其他一些結(jié)構(gòu)
1. 以 -able或-ible等結(jié)尾的具有被動意義的形容詞作表語時。例如:
1) The scene I witnessed the other day is unforgettable.
2) His proposal is acceptable.
3) The elements in the water is invisible.
2. 介詞短語under加一些具有動作含義的抽象名詞作表語時(相當(dāng)于進行時的被動語態(tài))。
例如:
1) The plan to build another science laboratory is under discussion.
2) A bridge connecting the two parts of the city is now under construction.
3) We cant drive there because the road is under repair.
4) The plane is under control and we are all safe now.
3. 以easy,difficult,hard,comfortable,possible等形容詞作表語,后面接不定式to do構(gòu)成的系表結(jié)構(gòu)表達性狀時(不定式不能用被動形式)。
例如:
1) The work is easy to finish in time.
2) His dream to be a scientist is possible to realize.
3) This armchair is comfortable to sit in.
4) Those apples on the tree are too high to reach.
4. 一些固定短語,如in (the) charge of,in (the)possession of等作表語時,不加定冠詞表主動意義;加定冠詞表被動意義。
例如:
1) He is in charge of the project.比較:The project is in the charge of him.
2) The welldressed woman is in possession of the factory.
比較:The factory is in the possession of the welldressed woman.
5. 有些動詞,如sell,wash,read,write,cut等在表達某物的性狀時,不能用被動結(jié)構(gòu)。
例如:
1) His book sells well.
2) This kind of cloth washes easily.
3) His article doesnt read easily.
4) The ballpen writes smoothly.
5) The knife cuts well.
6. 某物作主語,謂語是need,want,require等表示“需要”的動詞時,后面接動名詞一般式的主動形態(tài)doing表示一般事物的性狀,不表示動作,表示動作時要換成不定式的被動結(jié)構(gòu)to be done。
例如:
1) My computer needs repairing.(=My computer needs to be repaired.)
2) The newlybuilt laboratory wants decorating.(=The newlybuilt laboratory wants to be decorated.)
7. 某物作主語,謂語動詞是wont shut,wont start等的時候表示性狀,不能用被動式。
例如:
1) The door wont shut.I dont know why.
2) He has tried many times but his car wont start,which makes him very worried.
三、 對照和區(qū)別以下由it引起的易混句型
1. It is important/our task that we should learn every subject well.(it為形式主語,真正的主語是that從句。類似的句型還有It is said/thought/believed/reported等加that從句。)
2. It was midnight/ 12 oclock when he came home.(it指時間,when引導(dǎo)時間狀語從句,譯為“他回到家時已經(jīng)午夜時分/十二點了?!保?/p>
3. It was at midnight/at 12 oclock that he came home.(it是引導(dǎo)詞,引起強調(diào)句,強調(diào)句中的時間狀語at midnight/at 12 oclock,譯為“他是午夜時分/十二點才回家的。”)
4. It is/has been 2 years since he came here.(it指時間,since引導(dǎo)時間狀語從句,譯為“他來這兒有兩年了。”,即“自從他來到這兒已有兩年時間了?!?,注意從句中謂語動詞是終止性的。)
注:It has been 2 years since he stayed here.(it指時間,since引導(dǎo)時間狀語從句,但要譯為“他離開這兒或不住在這兒有兩年了?!?,即“他曾在這兒居住過,距今已過去兩年了?!?,注意從句中謂語動詞是延續(xù)性的。)
5. It will (wont) be 2 months before he recovers.(it指時間,before引導(dǎo)時間狀語從句,譯為“要過(要不了)兩個月他才會(他就會)康復(fù)的。”)
注:1)It was (wasnt) 3 weeks before they rebuilt the damaged house.(it指時間,before引導(dǎo)時間狀語從句,譯為“過了(沒過)三周他們才(他們就)修復(fù)了受損房屋?!保Y(jié)構(gòu)與5)相同,只不過是時態(tài)不同而已。)
2)It seemed (didnt seem) long before he finished the tough task.(it指時間,before引導(dǎo)時間狀語從句,譯為“似乎過了(沒過)很久他們才(他們就)完成了這個艱難的任務(wù)?!保Y(jié)構(gòu)與5)相同,只不過是主句中謂語換成了半系動詞seem以及時態(tài)不同而已。)
6. It is (was) the first time that I have (had) seen such a splendid building.(it指時間,that引導(dǎo)定語從句,it有時候可以換成this,譯為“這是我第一次看到如此壯觀的建筑物?!弊⒁鈺r態(tài)的不同搭配,即現(xiàn)在范疇的搭配;過去范疇的搭配。)
7. It is (high) time that we decided/should decide when to start.(it指時間,that引導(dǎo)定語從句,譯為“我們早該決定何時動身了?!?,注意從句中的謂語動詞可以有變化。)
8. It seems (to me) that it is going to rain.(it 指某一情況或稱引導(dǎo)詞,引起主系表結(jié)構(gòu)的句型,that 引導(dǎo)表語從句。)
9. It seemed as if the lady had been bullied by someone.(it 指某一情況或稱引導(dǎo)詞,引起主系表結(jié)構(gòu)的句型,as if 引導(dǎo)表語從句,從句用的是虛擬語氣,表示推測。但是,如果接近事實,可以用陳述語氣,如It seemed as if the lady was an expert.)
參考文獻:
[1]王錦霞.談高中英語寫作教學(xué)中教師的介入[J].山東師范大學(xué)外國語學(xué)院學(xué)報(基礎(chǔ)英語教育),2011(04).
[2]膝春紅.英語語法與寫作——對美國堪薩斯大學(xué)中國留學(xué)生英文水平的調(diào)查[J].外語教學(xué)與研究,1993(04).