田志保

關(guān)鍵詞：布盧姆認(rèn)知目標(biāo)過程維度；詞匯課；教學(xué)設(shè)計(jì)

中圖分類號(hào)：G633.41 文獻(xiàn)標(biāo)識(shí)碼：B 文章編號(hào)：1009-010X（2018）14-0038-06

一、布盧姆認(rèn)知目標(biāo)過程維度理論簡(jiǎn)介

本杰明·布盧姆（Benjamin Bloom）是美國(guó)杰出的心理學(xué)家和教育學(xué)家。布盧姆認(rèn)知目標(biāo)過程維度指依據(jù)認(rèn)知復(fù)雜程度從低級(jí)到高級(jí)的六個(gè)認(rèn)知過程，即：記憶、理解、應(yīng)用、分析、評(píng)價(jià)和創(chuàng)造。

（一）記憶（Remembering）

主要指記憶知識(shí)，對(duì)學(xué)過的知識(shí)和有關(guān)材料能識(shí)別和再現(xiàn)或提取。這一目標(biāo)要求學(xué)生能做到：確認(rèn)、定義、選擇、默寫、背誦等。

（二）理解（Understanding）

理解可以被看成是通向遷移的橋頭堡。不管是口頭的、書面的信息還是圖表圖形的信息，不管是通過講授、閱讀還是觀看等方式，當(dāng)學(xué)習(xí)者能夠從教學(xué)內(nèi)容中建構(gòu)意義時(shí)，就算是理解了。理解包括：解釋、舉例、分類、總結(jié)、推斷、比較和說明。

（三）應(yīng)用（App1ying）

指把所學(xué)的知識(shí)應(yīng)用于新情境。這一目標(biāo)要求學(xué)生能做到：列舉、計(jì)算、設(shè)計(jì)、示范、運(yùn)用、操作、解答實(shí)際問題等。

（四）分析（Analyzing）

分析是指將材料分解為其組成部分并且確定這些部分是如何相互關(guān)聯(lián)的。分析包括：區(qū)分、組織和歸屬。

（五）評(píng)價(jià)（Evaluating）

評(píng)價(jià)是依據(jù)準(zhǔn)則和標(biāo)準(zhǔn)來作出判斷。評(píng)價(jià)包括核查和評(píng)判。核查的替換說法是“檢驗(yàn)”，評(píng)判的替換說法是“判斷”。

（六）創(chuàng)造（Creating）

是將要素整合為一個(gè)內(nèi)在一致或功能統(tǒng)一的整體。這一整體往往是新的“產(chǎn)品”。這里所謂的新產(chǎn)品，強(qiáng)調(diào)的是綜合成一個(gè)整體，而不完全是指原創(chuàng)性和獨(dú)特性。

以上六個(gè)學(xué)習(xí)層次是由淺入深、由低到高的過程。淺層學(xué)習(xí)的認(rèn)知水平停留在第一、二層，而深度學(xué)習(xí)的認(rèn)知水平對(duì)應(yīng)著后面的四層。

二、基于布盧姆認(rèn)知目標(biāo)過程維度的英語詞匯教學(xué)設(shè)計(jì)說明

下面以在教育部組織的全國(guó)“一師一優(yōu)課，一課一名師”曬課活動(dòng)中筆者自己獲得的省級(jí)優(yōu)課——詞匯課教學(xué)設(shè)計(jì)來展示基于布盧姆認(rèn)知目標(biāo)過程維度的英語詞匯教學(xué)設(shè)計(jì)。該模塊是人教版高中英語必修1 Unit 3 New words。

根據(jù)《高中英語新課程標(biāo)準(zhǔn)》培養(yǎng)學(xué)生四大核心素養(yǎng)（語言能力、文化品格、思維品質(zhì)和學(xué)習(xí)能力）的要求，本節(jié)課的三維教學(xué)目標(biāo)是：結(jié)合單詞的音、形、義，掌握一些重點(diǎn)單詞、句型；懂得如何在句子層面和語篇層面去使用它們；培養(yǎng)學(xué)生自主、合作、探究學(xué)習(xí)能力以及熱愛和保護(hù)大自然的情操。

本單元話題為“旅游”，主要描寫了一段沿湄公河而下的自行車旅行。教學(xué)對(duì)象是高一學(xué)生，他們對(duì)旅游話題不陌生，但對(duì)識(shí)記相關(guān)的單詞句型并運(yùn)用它們寫旅游日志感到困難，同時(shí)大部分學(xué)生感到傳統(tǒng)的詞匯課枯燥單調(diào)，這也正是本課要解決的問題，是本課的重、難點(diǎn)。為此，采取以下教學(xué)策略完成教學(xué)目標(biāo)：依據(jù)布盧姆認(rèn)知目標(biāo)過程從低到高的六個(gè)維度，從淺層學(xué)習(xí)的認(rèn)知水平——記憶、理解，逐步過渡到深度學(xué)習(xí)的認(rèn)知水平——應(yīng)用、分析、評(píng)價(jià)和創(chuàng)造。圍繞單詞的音、形、義、用四個(gè)方面，設(shè)計(jì)本節(jié)詞匯課。

首先，記憶。先學(xué)后教，先讓學(xué)生自讀生詞，初步記憶，然后再聽單詞錄音，識(shí)別、確認(rèn)并糾正讀音錯(cuò)誤，從而達(dá)到準(zhǔn)確記憶。

其次，理解。包括分類理解記憶、解釋、比較、推斷、總結(jié)。深入挖掘教材，根據(jù)本單元所學(xué)生詞的特點(diǎn)，從單詞的形、義、用三方面，將黑體詞（determine雖不是黑體詞，但高考考查到該詞，屬高頻詞，故列為重點(diǎn)詞）按構(gòu)詞法等分為五類（組），用五種方法分類記憶，避免枯燥單調(diào)。英英釋義單詞，培養(yǎng)學(xué)生的英語思維。然后讓學(xué)生自己通過比較、推斷，進(jìn)行總結(jié)。

再次，應(yīng)用和分析。將所學(xué)生詞應(yīng)用于新情境。采取以下教學(xué)設(shè)計(jì)：活動(dòng)任務(wù)設(shè)置梯度，進(jìn)行分層教學(xué)；充分利用非語言材料——精選20多幅圖片（大部分選自筆者家鄉(xiāng)旅游景點(diǎn)），激發(fā)興趣、降低難度，培養(yǎng)學(xué)生熱愛和保護(hù)大自然的情操；練習(xí)形式多樣，由詞到句、由句到篇；“整合內(nèi)容”，整合精選課文Reading中的句子作為練習(xí)題和例句，為學(xué)習(xí)課文打下基礎(chǔ)。

然后，創(chuàng)造、“生成”。 通過語篇填空和單句翻譯并連句成文，讓學(xué)生學(xué)會(huì)在句子層面和語篇層面創(chuàng)造性地使用所學(xué)生詞。找準(zhǔn)學(xué)生的最近發(fā)展區(qū)，設(shè)置有難度的問題，利用小組活動(dòng)解決，培養(yǎng)學(xué)生自主、合作、探究的學(xué)習(xí)精神。

最后，評(píng)價(jià)（Evaluating）（課下完成）。多元評(píng)價(jià)，自評(píng)、互評(píng)、師評(píng)相結(jié)合。

三、教學(xué)過程（Teaching procedures）

Step 1： Lead-in and present the Learning Goals. （ 1 min）

1.Lead in by asking the students to look at the pictures and guess what they are doing in the pictures.

Purpose（設(shè)計(jì)意圖）：to arouse the Ss interest in learning words.

2.Present the Learning Goals and let Ss read them aloud.

Learn the new words in five ways. At the end of the class we can：

（1）pronounce the new words correctly.

（2）know exactly what the key words mean.

（3）grasp them and know how to use them in sentences.

Purpose：To make Ss clear and definite the Learning Goals.

Step 2：Reading， listening and correcting （6 mins）

Task 1：Read the new words by yourself and underline the difficult ones.（2 mins）

Task 2：Listen to the recorder and correct your pronunciation.（4 mins）

Purpose：Teaching after learning. Listen to the recorder with questions. Thus it can help Ss learn the pronunciations of the new words effectively and read the new words correctly.

以上這兩步教學(xué)設(shè)計(jì)初步完成了布盧姆認(rèn)知目標(biāo)過程淺層學(xué)習(xí)的認(rèn)知水平——記憶、識(shí)別和確認(rèn)。

Step 3：Learn the key new words and expressions in five ways.

Task 1： Group One ： Learn by the word formation. （2 mins）

1.disadvantage = dis + advantage

eg：dislike， dishonest， disappear， disagree

dis-：_____ Key： negative prefix（否定前綴）

2.forecast = fore +cast（計(jì)算）

eg：foretell， foresee

fore-：_________Key：before（在前，預(yù)先）

Purpose：To make Ss remember new words quickly by the word formation.

這一步教學(xué)設(shè)計(jì)完成了布盧姆認(rèn)知目標(biāo)過程淺層學(xué)習(xí)的認(rèn)知水平——分類理解。

Task 2 Group Two ： Learn by observing sentences. （5 mins）

1.prefer： to like sb. or sth. better

① I prefer Tuoliang （to Tiangui Mountain.）

I prefer climbing Tuoliang（to climbing Tiangui Mountain.）

I prefer to climb Tuoliang （rather than （to） climb / instead of climbing Tiangui Mountain.）

I prefer my friend to climb Tuoliang.

② I prefer the Yellow River （to the Mekong River.）

I prefer traveling along the Yellow River （to traveling along the Mekong River.）

I prefer to take a bike trip along the Yellow River（rather than （to） take / instead of taking a train trip.）

I prefer my friend to take a bike trip.

Summary 【歸納】：

prefer A （to B）

prefer doing A （to doing B）

prefer to do A（rather than （to） do B / instead of doing B）

prefer sb to do sth

2.persuade： cause sb. to do sth. by arguing or reasoning with him

Wang Wei persuaded her sister to buy a mountain bike.

Wang Wei persuaded her sister into buying a mountain bike.

Persuade： cause sb. to believe sth. or feel sure about sth.

Wang Wei persuaded her sister （of the fact that riding was great fun.）

Her sister was persuaded （of the fact that riding was great fun.）

Wang Wei persuaded her sister that riding a bicycle was great fun.

Summary ：

persuade sb. to do / into doing sth.

persuade sb. not to do / out of doing sth.

persuade sb. （of sth.）

sb. be persuaded （of sth.）

persuade sb. that clause

3.determine：decide， make sb. decide to do sth.， decide firmly that sth. will be done

I determined to buy a mountain bike at once.

Her advice determined me to buy a mountain bike at once.

I determined on / upon buying an expensive mountain bike.

determined：with ones mind firmly made up

I am determined to buy an expensive mountain bike.

Summary ：

determine to do sth.

determine sb. to do sth.

determine on / upon doing sth.

be determined to do sth.

學(xué)生活動(dòng)設(shè)計(jì)：學(xué)生大聲讀出句子，在導(dǎo)學(xué)案的引導(dǎo)下歸納出單詞的用法結(jié)構(gòu)。

Purpose：To ask Ss to read the sentences and observe the meaning and use of the words. To cultivate the Ss ability to inquiry and generalize. Meanwhile to improve the Ss ability to explain English in English and to enable Ss to know exactly what key words mean and know how to use them in sentences.

這一步教學(xué)設(shè)計(jì)完成了布盧姆認(rèn)知目標(biāo)過程淺層學(xué)習(xí)的認(rèn)知水平——理解、解釋、比較、推斷和總結(jié)。

Task 3 Group Three：

Learn by pictures. （5 mins）

1. ever since

Ever since I joined a Group multi-worlds（驢友團(tuán)）， I have dreamed about my first trip.

（I joined a Group multi-worlds（驢友團(tuán)） and have dreamed about my first trip ever since.）

Summary ：

Ever since sb. did sth. sb.have/has done sth.

Sb. did sth. and have / has done sth. ever since.

Practice【活學(xué)活用】：

The Chinese___________________ （live） a happy life ever since the founding of New China.

Keys： have lived / have been living

Ever since I______（join） a Group multi-worlds（驢友團(tuán)），I ___________（visit） Huhu Water， Tiangui Mountain， etc.

（I _________ （join） a Group multi-worlds（驢友團(tuán)） and______________（visit）Huhu Water， Tiangui Mountain， etc.__________.）

Key： joined， have visited； joined， have visited， ever since.

2.graduate

The graduates graduated from a famous university and after graduation / graduating， they went to build their hometown .

Summary：

graduate n. 畢業(yè)生 vi. 畢業(yè)

graduate from畢業(yè)于

Practice：（略）

Purpose（設(shè)計(jì)意圖）：Most pictures are taken from tourist attractions in my county and Ss are familiar with them. So it can arouse the Ss interest and curiosity in learning new words， thus making them easy to grasp. Meanwhile to let students appreciate， protect natural scenery around us and love our hometown.

Task 4： Group Four

Learn by comprehending a passage with beautiful pictures. （6 mins）

A trip to Tuoliang Mountain

This summer vacation I made up my mind to stay home and review the subjects I was weak in. But one day when my friend came to see me and suggested that we join a Group multi-worlds and go to Tuoliang Mountain located in our county， I changed my mind and went together with him. We made a schedule and organized the trip. I wanted to pay the bus fare， but my friend insisted. Finally， I gave in and let him pay it.

The journey to Tuoliang was so exciting. The flowing stream in the valley， all kinds of waterfalls， thick forests， genting grassland， flowers， sea of clouds and the top of the mountain whose altitude is 2281metres are beautiful and fantastic. We put up our tents on the mountain top and made camp for the night. And we were fond of what we saw at midnight when everything looked like from a dream.

Purpose：The beautiful pictures are taken from Tuoliang in our county and Ss are familiar with them. So it can arouse the Ss interest and help them to learn the new words， thus making them easy to grasp. Meanwhile to let students appreciate， protect natural scenery around us， love our hometown and call on others to protect nature. Learning the new words in discourse understanding helps to improve the Ss ability of reading comprehension and using English practically.

Practice： （Group work）

Use the words and expressions just learned to take the place of the underlined words.

1.Li Ping likes traveling by bike.

2.He arrived home rather late at night.

3.The exhibition was successful because Li Ping planned and carried it out so well.

4.In order to improve my math， I made a timetable to remind myself of what to do at certain time.

5.He wanted to go on a bike trip himself but his parents didnt agree. He said that he wouldnt give up his decision.

Key： 1. is fond of / prefers；2.at midnight；3. organized it；4.schedule；5. give in/ change his mind

Purpose：By using synonyms，we can provide the students with various ways to express themselves in English and enlarge Ss vocabulary.

Task 5：Group Five： Learn by explanation. （1 min）

Match the new words and expressions with their meanings.

1.transport A way of thinking or behaving

2.care about B in the usual manner， as is common

3.attitude C being thought to be trusted or depended on

4.as usual D to take sth./sb. from one place to another in a vehicle（交通工具）

5.reliable E be worried， interested or concerned

Key：1.D 2.E 3.A 4.B 5.C

Purpose：To improve the students ability to explain English in English and enable them to know exactly what key words mean.

Step 4 A quiz （Group work）（12 mins）

鏈接高考

Choose the correct forms of the words or phrases below to complete the sentences.

prefer， make up ones mind， finally， determine

1.Do you think shopping online will ______ take the place of shopping in stores？ （2010 浙江卷改編）

2.When asked about their opinion about the schoolmaster， many teachers would _______ to see him step aside in favor of （支持）younger men. （2011湖北卷改編）

3.___________to do this on my own， I spent several weeks going door-to-door for a job， but found little response（反應(yīng)；回答）.（2011安徽卷改編）

Key：1. finally 2. prefer 3. Determined

Ⅱ. Change the sentence pattern.

1.We have decided to make camp on the mountain top.

We have __________ to make camp on the mountain top.

We have _________________to make camp on the mountain top.

2.He went abroad after he graduated.

He went abroad ______________________.

Key：1. determined， made up our mind 2. after graduating / graduation

以上這幾步教學(xué)設(shè)計(jì)完成了布盧姆認(rèn)知目標(biāo)過程深層學(xué)習(xí)的認(rèn)知水平——應(yīng)用和分析。將所學(xué)生詞應(yīng)用于新情境，在運(yùn)用過程中，進(jìn)行分析、辨別、選擇。

Ⅲ. Discourse filling

____ middle school， my sister Wang Wei and I have dreamed about taking a great bike trip. After____ from college， she p____ me to buy a mountain bike and we f____got the chance to do it. She insisted she____（organize） the trip. I know once she has _____ up her mind， nothing can change it. So I had to ____in. Several days later， our great bike trip began.

Key：（Ever） since， graduating， persuaded， finally， organize， made， give

Ⅳ. Translating and then making a passage

1.我姐王薇如此固執(zhí)，以至于沒有人能說服她改變主意。（stubborn， persuade， change ones mind）

2.現(xiàn)在她正在為我們這次旅途制定計(jì)劃。（schedule， journey）

3.我對(duì)這次旅途計(jì)劃很感興趣，想關(guān)心了解更多細(xì)節(jié)。（be fond of， care about details）

Key： My older sister Wang Wei is so stubborn that no one can persuade her to change her mind. Now she is planning our schedule for the journey，which I am fond of. So I want to care more about details.

這兩步教學(xué)設(shè)計(jì)完成了布盧姆認(rèn)知目標(biāo)過程深層學(xué)習(xí)的認(rèn)知水平——?jiǎng)?chuàng)造、“生成”。通過語篇填空和單句翻譯并連句成文，讓學(xué)生學(xué)會(huì)在句子層面和語篇層面創(chuàng)造性地使用所學(xué)生詞。

Step 5. Revision and Summary（回顧總結(jié)）（1.5 mins）

In this class we have learned：1.Word formation... 2. Idiomatic expressions...

這一步教學(xué)設(shè)計(jì)完成了布盧姆認(rèn)知目標(biāo)過程淺層學(xué)習(xí)的認(rèn)知水平：記憶和深層學(xué)習(xí)的認(rèn)知水平——?jiǎng)?chuàng)造，注意這里的創(chuàng)造，強(qiáng)調(diào)的是綜合成一個(gè)整體，而不完全是指原創(chuàng)性和獨(dú)特性。

Step 6. Homework（0.5 min）

Required homework

1.Write a travel journal modeled after A trip to Tuoliang Mountain using words learned in this class.

2.Finish the exercises for words on Page 20 in the textbook.

Optional homework

1.Preview the Reading to get its general idea. Pay attention to words learned in this class and make a mark where you have any questions.

2.Enjoy the song Tuoliang in My Dream after class.

這步教學(xué)設(shè)計(jì)完成了布盧姆認(rèn)知目標(biāo)過程深層學(xué)習(xí)的認(rèn)知水平——應(yīng)用、創(chuàng)造、“生成”。

Blackboard-writing design（板書設(shè)計(jì)略）

四、教學(xué)反思（Reflection after teaching）

一節(jié)好課的產(chǎn)生必須建立在對(duì)教材的深入思考和挖掘上，同時(shí)還要兼顧學(xué)生的學(xué)情。本節(jié)課依據(jù)布盧姆認(rèn)知目標(biāo)過程從低到高的六個(gè)維度進(jìn)行設(shè)計(jì)，從實(shí)際授課效果來看，本節(jié)課教學(xué)設(shè)計(jì)合理、符合學(xué)生學(xué)習(xí)興趣，很好地完成了教學(xué)目標(biāo)。但由于時(shí)間緊、任務(wù)重，盡管活動(dòng)任務(wù)設(shè)置了梯度、進(jìn)行了分層教學(xué)，但基礎(chǔ)差的學(xué)生跟起來有點(diǎn)困難，時(shí)間久了，他們會(huì)喪失信心，不利于英語學(xué)習(xí)。針對(duì)這種情況，除了多鼓勵(lì)幫助基礎(chǔ)薄弱生并加強(qiáng)小組間的合作外，還應(yīng)在教學(xué)設(shè)計(jì)上多下功夫研究，著重培養(yǎng)基礎(chǔ)薄弱生的淺層學(xué)習(xí)的認(rèn)知水平——記憶、理解，然后再逐步深入，力爭(zhēng)讓每一個(gè)學(xué)生都不掉隊(duì)。

總之，布盧姆認(rèn)知目標(biāo)過程維度將學(xué)習(xí)、教學(xué)和評(píng)價(jià)緊密聯(lián)系起來，為指導(dǎo)教學(xué)實(shí)踐供提了廣闊空間，也為落實(shí)新課程標(biāo)準(zhǔn)提供了便利。