李華
【摘 ? 要】 ?目前高中英語(yǔ)核心詞匯教學(xué)主要依托學(xué)生獨(dú)立記憶詞匯音形義的方式,脫離文本,忽視詞匯間的內(nèi)在聯(lián)系,呈現(xiàn)出教學(xué)方式單一、學(xué)生學(xué)習(xí)困難的現(xiàn)象,教學(xué)效果不理想。本文嘗試從基于單元的高中英語(yǔ)核心詞匯教學(xué)入手,通過(guò)案例分析,結(jié)合語(yǔ)境語(yǔ)篇,教授單元核心詞匯,幫助學(xué)生找到單元核心詞匯間的內(nèi)在聯(lián)系,激發(fā)學(xué)習(xí)興趣,提高學(xué)習(xí)效率。
【關(guān)鍵詞】 ?高中英語(yǔ);詞匯教學(xué);探究
詞匯是語(yǔ)言的基石,是語(yǔ)言知識(shí)的重要組成部分,是形成和發(fā)展語(yǔ)言技能的基礎(chǔ)。詞匯教學(xué)在語(yǔ)言教學(xué)過(guò)程中有著舉足輕重的作用。英國(guó)語(yǔ)言學(xué)家 D.A.Wilkins 指出,“沒(méi)有語(yǔ)法不能很好地表達(dá),而沒(méi)有詞匯則什么也表達(dá)不了”。沒(méi)有高效的詞匯學(xué)習(xí),語(yǔ)言知識(shí)的掌握如無(wú)源之水,語(yǔ)言能力的習(xí)得也是無(wú)本之木?!镀胀ǜ咧杏⒄Z(yǔ)課程標(biāo)準(zhǔn)(實(shí)驗(yàn)稿)》關(guān)于詞匯的目標(biāo)要求,描述如下(六級(jí)的教學(xué)參照七級(jí)目標(biāo)要求):
以上對(duì)詞匯的目標(biāo)要求是使用,而非簡(jiǎn)單記憶。正如《課程標(biāo)準(zhǔn)》所述:能就熟悉的話題交流信息,提出問(wèn)題并陳述自己的意見和建議;能讀懂英文原著簡(jiǎn)寫本及英語(yǔ)報(bào)刊,具有初步的實(shí)用寫作能力;能從多渠道獲取信息并利用所得信息進(jìn)行清楚有條理的表達(dá)(教育部 2003)。這些能力的習(xí)得都以詞匯運(yùn)用為基礎(chǔ)。因此,高中英語(yǔ)詞匯教學(xué)應(yīng)以培養(yǎng)語(yǔ)言能力為導(dǎo)向,力求高效。這要求我們?cè)谠~匯教學(xué)中多角度開發(fā)教材、利用單元核心詞匯間的內(nèi)在聯(lián)系,讓學(xué)生在語(yǔ)篇語(yǔ)境中學(xué)習(xí)和運(yùn)用詞匯。
一、“基于單元”的涵義
人教版高中英語(yǔ)教材采用“話題、功能、結(jié)構(gòu)、任務(wù)”相結(jié)合的編寫思路。教材以“話題”統(tǒng)領(lǐng)單元教學(xué)內(nèi)容,各單元詞匯以“話題”為核心,構(gòu)成word web,有利于學(xué)生構(gòu)建詞匯網(wǎng)絡(luò),建立語(yǔ)義聯(lián)系,為語(yǔ)言輸出做準(zhǔn)備。
以必修1 Unit3為例:話題詞匯
二、單元核心詞匯的界定
核心詞匯存在兩個(gè)關(guān)鍵的地方,一是教材中,尤其閱讀材料中的關(guān)鍵詞匯,對(duì)閱讀理解有重要影響的生詞或短語(yǔ);二是文章中的高頻詞匯,在閱讀后的教學(xué)活動(dòng)中,如口語(yǔ)或?qū)懽髦惺褂妙l率比較高的詞匯。(葛文山)
三、教學(xué)案例探究
1.必修1 ?Unit4 Earthquake單元核心詞匯
2.教學(xué)案例一:結(jié)合語(yǔ)境教學(xué)詞匯
必修1 ?Unit4 Earthquake
(1)Warming up &Pre- reading
What has happened?
Yes,an earthquake.
B.What are these?
Yes,typhoon,flood,drought.We call them disasters.
Which kind of disaster do you think may cause people the greatest damage?
人教版高中英語(yǔ)教材每單元第一個(gè)環(huán)節(jié)是“熱身”,目的是激活背景知識(shí)。在這個(gè)環(huán)節(jié)利用圖片創(chuàng)設(shè)情境,呈現(xiàn)核心詞匯,引導(dǎo)學(xué)生用簡(jiǎn)單的語(yǔ)句描述圖片,在問(wèn)與答的交流中進(jìn)行詞匯教學(xué)能有效激活背景知識(shí)。
(2)Before & after reading
What happened to the city after the earthquake?
Buildings_____ (倒掉).Hospitals,schools,bridges___ were destroyed.
The earthquake ___destroyed the city.Everything is___ in ruins.
In fifteen seconds a large city___ lay in ruins.
People ___were shocked and frightened.
The girl ___is buried under the ruins./ The girl___ is trapped under the ruins.
The___ rescue workers are helping her. /The workers ___are rescuing the girl.
Many people ___are hurt/ injured,and a lot of people died.
The army organized teams to ___rescue/dig out those who___ were trapped.
People build shelters for___ survivors(who experience the disasters and are still alive)whose homes ___have been destroyed.
利用圖片創(chuàng)設(shè)語(yǔ)境,用問(wèn)題引導(dǎo)學(xué)生談?wù)摶蛎枋鰣D片內(nèi)容,用句子和關(guān)鍵詞提示,降低難度,使學(xué)生有效學(xué)習(xí)運(yùn)用核心詞匯,增強(qiáng)學(xué)習(xí)信心。
(3)Students read these sentences and learn the key words.
課堂上盡可能讓學(xué)生重復(fù)含有核心詞匯的描述性語(yǔ)句,改善學(xué)生開口難、說(shuō)不出的教學(xué)現(xiàn)狀。
(4)Using the key words to complete the passage.
Sudden shaking of the ground makes an______.It is caused by a________ rock movement underground.
An earthquake is one of the most common natural_______.It may cause great________ to humans. When an earthquake happens,buildings _____down.Hospitals,schools,bridges may_________.In a short time,everything is________.People ?may _________ under the ruins.Also,people may________ by falling pieces.So it is wise to learn some simple _______tips to protect us and our family members.Of course we should_______ people who are ________or _______when the earthquake stops.
短文是核心詞匯串連成的語(yǔ)篇,使學(xué)生在語(yǔ)境中理解運(yùn)用核心詞匯。
3.教學(xué)案例二:利用語(yǔ)篇鞏固詞匯
必修1 ?Unit 2 English around the world
(1)Reading ?The road to modern English
While reading ?Using the key words to complete the main idea.
Part1 History and______ development of the English language
Part2 Native English______ speakers dont speak the same kind of English,but they can understand each other. An example:flat & apartment.
Part3 How English has_____ changed over time.
(2)After reading ?Using the key words to retell Paragraph 1:
Time The number of the English speakers Countries or regions
At the end of the 16th century about 5 to7 million people In England
Later in the 17th century more In many other countries
Today more people speak…as…than ever before In many more countries
At the end of the 16th century,about 5 to 7 million people______ spoke English.Nearly all of them_____ lived in England.
Later in the 17th century,people from England made_____ voyages to conquer other parts of the world and_____ because of that,English began to be_____ spoken in many other countries.
Today,more people_____ speak English_____ as their first,second or a foreign language than ever before.speak高頻詞匯
(3)After reading ? Using the key words to complete the paragraphs.
讀中任務(wù)是概括段落大意,用核心詞補(bǔ)全句意,要求學(xué)生讀懂領(lǐng)會(huì)篇章主要內(nèi)容,并用關(guān)鍵詞點(diǎn)明中心;如學(xué)生能填出關(guān)鍵詞,說(shuō)明他讀懂了文章也掌握了核心詞的要義。讀后任務(wù)是復(fù)述課文,重構(gòu)閱讀篇章,訓(xùn)練學(xué)生運(yùn)用核心詞匯,達(dá)到鞏固加深的目的。
詞匯是學(xué)生英語(yǔ)學(xué)習(xí)的一大難題,很大程度上制約著學(xué)生的英語(yǔ)學(xué)習(xí)水平和興趣,作為英語(yǔ)教師我們要潛心學(xué)習(xí),研究總結(jié)有效的詞匯教學(xué)方法:(1)運(yùn)用現(xiàn)代教育技術(shù)創(chuàng)設(shè)語(yǔ)境,激發(fā)學(xué)習(xí)興趣,幫助學(xué)生提高詞匯學(xué)習(xí)質(zhì)量。(2)整體設(shè)計(jì)單元學(xué)習(xí)活動(dòng),讓詞匯學(xué)習(xí)滲透在聽說(shuō)讀寫活動(dòng)中。(3)閱讀是詞匯學(xué)習(xí)和鞏固的有效途徑,在閱讀活動(dòng)中設(shè)計(jì)核心詞匯學(xué)習(xí)任務(wù)鏈。(4)根據(jù)單元詞匯量分層次、分階段處理生詞,分類要求:基本詞匯確保學(xué)生人人過(guò)關(guān),認(rèn)知詞匯了解語(yǔ)義,核心詞匯在句子語(yǔ)境中重點(diǎn)學(xué)習(xí),在閱讀寫作中鞏固運(yùn)用。(5)培養(yǎng)學(xué)生詞匯學(xué)習(xí)策略。
【參考文獻(xiàn)】
[1]金利玲.高中英語(yǔ)詞匯教學(xué)存在的主要問(wèn)題與改進(jìn)策略[J].讀與寫(上,下旬),2015,(15):192.
[2]郭秋秀.如何在高中英語(yǔ)閱讀中有效地教學(xué)詞匯[J].讀寫算:教育教學(xué)研究,2014(04).
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[4]中華人民共和國(guó)教育部.普通高中英語(yǔ)課程標(biāo)準(zhǔn)(實(shí)驗(yàn))[S].北京.人民教育出版社,2003.