許雅紋 方文華 蔡嘉偉
[摘要]目的 探討破裂腦動脈瘤不同時機夾閉術后患者的顱內壓(ICP)變化特點。方法 回顧性分析2014年10月~2016年9月我院收治的滿足納入和排除標準的49例成人破裂腦動脈瘤患者的臨床資料,按照動脈瘤夾閉手術時間分為早期(發(fā)病≤3 d)手術組(26例)和延遲(發(fā)病4~21 d)手術組(23例),兩組均在術后行持續(xù)ICP監(jiān)測及以ICP為導向的綜合治療。比較、分析兩組患者術后ICP變化特點及其臨床意義。以隨訪12個月的死亡率和改良Rankin量表(mRS)評分評價兩組患者的預后。結果 兩組患者的影像學特征方面、預后情況比較,差異無統計學意義(P>0.05)。早期手術組患者術后ICP總體平均值為(15.21±3.71)mmHg,高于延遲手術組的(14.12±4.13)mmHg,差異有統計學意義(P<0.05)。早期手術組患者術后ICP平均值呈現先緩慢增高而后下降的趨勢,術后第3、5天均高于術后第1天,其中以術后第5天最高,而術后第7天則降低,且低于術后第1天,差異有統計學意義(P<0.05);延遲手術組患者術后第2天ICP平均值增高之后即開始下降,術后第6、7天均低于術后第1天,其中以術后第7天為最低,差異有統計學意義(P<0.05);兩組患者術后第7天的ICP平均值比較,差異無統計學意義(P>0.05)。結論 發(fā)病3 d內早期手術的破裂腦動脈瘤患者術后總體ICP高于延遲手術組。早期手術和延遲手術術后ICP均呈先增高而后下降的趨勢,早期手術最高峰在第5天,而延遲手術術后第2天最高。兩種手術時機術后患者的ICP在經過治療后均能夠下降至較低水平。這一規(guī)律有助于破裂腦動脈瘤術后ICP增高臨床診療策略的制定。
[關鍵詞]腦動脈瘤;蛛網膜下腔出血;顱內壓監(jiān)測;預后
[Abstract] Objective To explore the characteristics of intracranial pressure (ICP) in patients after ruptured cerebral aneurysms clipped at different timing. Methods The clinical data of 49 adult patients with ruptured cerebral aneurysm in our hospital who met the inclusion and exclusion criteria from October 2014 to September 2016 were retrospectively analyzed. They were divided into the early surgery (≤ 3 days after onset) group (26 cases) and delayed surgery (4-21 days after onset) group (23 cases) according to the timing of clipping. The continuous ICP monitoring and ICP-oriented comprehensive treatment were performed after surgery in both groups. The characteristics and clinical significance of postoperative ICP of patients in two groups were compared and analyzed. The prognosis of the patients in two groups was evaluated by mortality and modified Rankin scale (mRS) score at 12-month follow-up. Results There were no significant differences in imaging characteristics and prognosis between the two groups of patients (P>0.05). The total average postoperative ICP of patients in the early surgery group was (15.21±3.71) mmHg, which was higher than that in the delayed surgery group for (14.12±4.13) mmHg, and the difference was statistically significant (P<0.05). The average postoperative ICP of patients in the early surgery group increased slowly and then decreased, average ICP on the third and fifth days after surgery was higher than that at the first day, with the highest on the fifth day and it decreased on the seventh day after surgery, and was lower than that on the first day after surgery, with statistically significant differences (P<0.05). In the delayed surgery group, the average ICP started to decrease on the second day after surgery, and the average ICP on the sixth and seventh days after surgery was lower than that on the first day, lowest on the seventh day after surgery, with statistically significant differences (P<0.05). There was no significant difference in the average ICP between the two groups on the seventh day after surgery (P>0.05). Conclusion The total postoperative ICP of patients with ruptured cerebral aneurysm who have been operated within 3 days after onset is higher than that of delayed surgery. The postoperative ICP of patients with either early or delayed surgery shows a tendency of increasing first and decreasing then. The ICP reaches the peak on the fifth day after early surgery while that on the second day after delayed surgery. The ICP of patients after clipping at different timing can be reduced to a lower level after treatment. This feature may be helpful for the clinical diagnosis and treatment of increased postoperative ICP in patients with ruptured cerebral aneurysm.
[Key words] Cerebral aneurysm; Subarachnoid hemorrhage; Intracranial pressure monitoring; Prognosis
盡管針對破裂腦動脈瘤(cerebral aneurysm)及其導致的動脈瘤性蛛網膜下腔出血(aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage,aSAH)的診療技術已獲得較大進步,但在全世界范圍內其病死率和致殘率仍然居高不下,其不良預后與全腦水腫、顱內壓(intracranial pressure,ICP)增高、腦血管痙攣、遲發(fā)性腦梗死、全身系統并發(fā)癥等因素密切相關[1-2]。由于醫(yī)療條件、水平和理念的差異,不同醫(yī)院對破裂腦動脈瘤行夾閉或介入治療的時機選擇各不相同,其中對術后ICP增高、腦腫脹等繼發(fā)腦損害和不良預后的疑慮則是影響手術時機判斷的重要因素。有研究指出,aSAH患者存在ICP增高現象,ICP增高的控制是破裂腦動脈瘤臨床治療過程中的重要環(huán)節(jié)[3]。但對于破裂腦動脈瘤行開顱夾閉手術患者術后ICP變化的特點和規(guī)律則較少有文獻,因此,本研究旨在分析不同時機夾閉手術患者的ICP變化特點,為臨床診療提供參考,現報道如下。
1資料與方法
1.1一般資料
選取2014年10月~2016年9月我院共收治的467例自發(fā)性蛛網膜下腔出血患者,其中部分患者根據《神經外科重癥管理專家共識》[4]行有創(chuàng)ICP監(jiān)測,并從中進行研究對象的篩選,同時滿足納入和排除標準的患者49例,對其臨床資料進行回顧性分析。納入標準[5]:①CT顯示蛛網膜下腔出血,且CT血管造影術(CTA)或數字減影血管造影(digital subtraction angiography,DSA)確診為腦動脈瘤;②年齡≥18歲;③Hunt-Hess分級≥Ⅱ級;④經專業(yè)組討論適合行開顱夾閉手術治療;⑤發(fā)病到手術時間≤21 d;⑥持續(xù)有創(chuàng)ICP監(jiān)測時間>24 h。排除標準:①未破裂腦動脈瘤;②嚴重肝、腎衰竭或凝血功能障礙;③患者及家屬拒絕行夾閉手術或ICP傳感器置入。按動脈瘤夾閉手術距離發(fā)病后的時間,將患者分為早期(發(fā)病≤3 d)手術組和延遲(發(fā)病4~21 d)手術組。早期手術組患者26例,平均年齡(56.80±12.40)歲。延遲手術組患者23例,平均年齡(55.80±9.40)歲。兩組患者年齡、性別、高血壓、糖尿病、Hunt-Hess分級、改良Fisher分級、動脈瘤數量、術前腦積水等一般資料比較,差異無統計學意義(P>0.05)(表1),具有可比性。本研究經我院醫(yī)學倫理委員會審核及同意,患者及家屬均知曉治療情況并簽署知情同意書。
1.2方法
兩組患者在入院前后均按照2012年美國心臟協會/美國卒中協會(AHA/ASA)《動脈瘤性蛛網膜下腔出血處理指南》[5]進行診療。在術前準備完善并經全科討論符合夾閉手術條件,行經翼點鎖孔入路開顱,顯微鏡下確認破裂責任動脈瘤并予夾閉,清除可見血腫。置入ICP傳感器(Codman,USA):伴有腦積水或腦室內出血患者選擇腦室型置于側腦室內,其余患者選擇腦實質型置于同側額葉皮層下2 cm處。術后給予神經重癥監(jiān)護,每個患者每天至少進行3次臨床評估[包括格拉斯哥昏迷量表(GCS)評分、Ramsay鎮(zhèn)靜評分、神經功能障礙程度評估等]。術后24 h內常規(guī)復查頭顱CT,1周內復查頭頗CTA或DSA,病情變化或ICP持續(xù)增高時隨時復查頭顱CT或CTA以明確顱內情況等。術后行持續(xù)ICP監(jiān)測,并采取以ICP監(jiān)測為導向的綜合治療策略。ICP控制措施采用階梯式方案,包括抬高床頭、維持正常體溫、鎮(zhèn)靜、鎮(zhèn)痛、呼吸道管理、脫水藥物(甘露醇、速尿)、滲透壓治療(維持血漿滲透壓300~320 mOsm/L)、輕度過度通氣[動脈二氧化碳分壓(PaCO2)30~35 mmHg]等。
1.3觀察指標及評價標準
所有患者的術前、術后影像學資料由兩名高年資主治以上醫(yī)師獨立閱片,評估兩組患者的腦積水、環(huán)池受壓、中線移位≥5 mm、側腦室受壓和顱內低密度灶(提示腦缺血或腦水腫)等情況。ICP控制與數據采集:所有患者通過數據連接線聯接ICP監(jiān)護儀和床旁心電監(jiān)護儀(BeneView T6,Mindray,中國),實時采集并存儲術后ICP數據,在剔除受干擾的異常值后,取每個患者每24小時的ICP平均值,對兩組患者術后不同時間點ICP的高低、變化趨勢、峰值出現時間等進行分析。以發(fā)病后12個月為隨訪時間點,采取門診和電話隨訪方式,評估兩組患者的死亡率和改良Rankin量表(mRS)評分情況,其中mRS≤3分為預后良好,mRS 4~5分及死亡病例歸為預后不良。
1.4統計學方法
采用SPSS 17.0統計學軟件進行數據分析,計量資料用均數±標準差(x±s)表示,兩組間比較采用t檢驗;計數資料采用率表示,組間比較采用Fisher確切概率法檢驗,以P<0.05為差異有統計學意義。
2結果
2.1兩組患者影像學特征和預后情況的比較
兩組患者圍術期均未出現再出血。早期手術組中,有15例患者術后CT上顯示環(huán)池受壓、中線移位≥5 mm、側腦室受壓征象,8例顯示顱內低密度灶;延遲手術組中,有17例患者術后CT上顯示環(huán)池受壓、中線移位≥5 mm、側腦室受壓征象,7例顯示顱內低密度灶。兩組患者的影像學特征方面比較,差異無統計學意義(P>0.05)。隨訪12個月,早期手術組中,預后良好22例,預后不良4例(其中包括1例死亡);延遲手術組中,預后良好16例,預后不良7例。兩組患者的預后情況比較,差異無統計學意義(P>0.05)。
2.2兩組患者術后不同時間點ICP變化趨勢的比較
早期手術組患者的ICP總體平均值高于延遲手術組,差異有統計學意義(P<0.05);早期手術組患者術后ICP平均值呈現先緩慢增高而后下降的趨勢,術后第3、5天均高于術后第1天,其中以術后第5天最高,而術后第7天則降低,且低于術后第1天,差異有統計學意義(P<0.05);延遲手術組患者術后第2天ICP平均值增高之后即開始下降,術后第6、7天均低于術后第1天,其中以術后第7天為最低,差異有統計學意義(P<0.05);兩組患者術后第1~4及7天的ICP平均值比較,差異無統計學意義(P>0.05);早期手術組患者術后第5、6天的ICP平均值均高于延遲手術組,差異有統計學意義(P<0.05)(表2)。
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(收稿日期:2020-01-14? 本文編輯:任秀蘭)