黎銓初 邵泳堯 羅麗鳳 莫平
【關(guān)鍵詞】 胸腔鏡肺癌根治術(shù) 阿片類藥物 疼痛程度 超聲引導(dǎo)前鋸肌平面阻滯 并發(fā)癥
[Abstract] Objective: To investigate the application of ultrasound-guided serratus anterior plane block anesthesia in thoracoscopic radical resection of lung cancer. Method: A total of 60 patients who received thoracoscopic radical resection of lung cancer in our hospital from January to December 2019 were selected. The patients were randomly divided into study group and control group, 30 cases in each group. Patients in both groups received thoracoscopic radical resection of lung cancer, intravenously induced anesthesia, and ultrasound-guided serratus anterior plane block on this basis. The control group was injected with 30 mL Sodium Chloride Injection, while the study group was injected with 30 mL 0.3% Ropivacaine. The amount of Remifentanil, Propofol and Sufentanil during surgery and the effective pressure times of analgesia pump within 48 h were compared between the two groups. The degree of pain in resting and exercise at different time after operation were compared between the two groups. The average arterial pressure and heart rate of the two groups at different time were compared, and the incidence of postoperative adverse reactions between the two groups was compared. Result: The number of effective pressure of analgesia pump and the dosage of Sufentanil, Remifentanil and Propofol in the study group were less than those in the control group within 48 h, the differences were statistically significant (P<0.05). 24 and 48 h after surgery, scores of resting and exercise pain between two groups compared, there were no statistical significances between two groups (P>0.05). At 2, 6 and 12 h after surgery, the scores of resting and exercise pain in the study group were lower than those in the control group, the differences were statistically significant (P<0.05). At the time of entry, 5 min after induction of anesthesia, 2 min after skin resection, comparison of average arterial pressure and heart rate between the two groups, there were no statistical significance between the two groups (P>0.05). At the end of surgery and 10 minutes after extubation, the average arterial pressure and heart rate in the study group were lower than those in the control group, the differences were statistically significant (P<0.05). The incidence of adverse reactions in the study group was lower than that in the control group, the difference was statistically significant (P<0.05). Conclusion: The application of 0.3% Ropivacaine in thoracoscopic radical resection of lung cancer can reduce the dosage of opioids, relieve the early postoperative pain, block up to 12 h, and reduce the incidence of postoperative adverse reactions. The application of 0.3% Ropivacaine in ultrasound-guided serratus plane block anesthesia is safe and simple, it can be used as an important part of perioperative analgesia.
[Key words] Thoracoscopic radical resection of lung cancer Opioids Pain degree Ultrasound-guided serratus anterior plane block Complications
First-author’s address: People’s Hospital of Nanhai District, Foshan 528200, China
doi:10.3969/j.issn.1674-4985.2021.21.011
靜脈自控鎮(zhèn)痛單模式鎮(zhèn)痛是目前心胸外科手術(shù)常用的鎮(zhèn)痛方案,會(huì)使用較大量的阿片類藥物,極易引發(fā)患者出現(xiàn)意識(shí)障礙、呼吸抑制、皮膚瘙癢、惡心嘔吐等不良反應(yīng),且單純的靜脈自控鎮(zhèn)痛的鎮(zhèn)痛效果欠佳,若術(shù)后鎮(zhèn)痛不全還會(huì)延長患者的住院時(shí)間、增加發(fā)生術(shù)后并發(fā)癥的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)、引發(fā)嚴(yán)重的全身炎性反應(yīng)[1]。隨著醫(yī)療技術(shù)的不斷發(fā)展,臨床越來越重視多種模式鎮(zhèn)痛方法,以此來減少阿片類藥物的使用量,提高鎮(zhèn)痛效果[2]。前鋸肌平面阻滯通過超聲引導(dǎo)在前鋸肌與背闊肌之間進(jìn)行局麻藥物注射,對(duì)肋間神經(jīng)前皮支進(jìn)行阻滯,從而達(dá)到良好的胸壁鎮(zhèn)痛,是一種新的胸壁阻滯技術(shù)[3]。本次研究,在胸腔鏡肺癌根治術(shù)中應(yīng)用超聲引導(dǎo)前鋸肌平面阻滯,探討該技術(shù)的鎮(zhèn)痛效果、術(shù)后不良反應(yīng)情況?,F(xiàn)報(bào)道如下。
1 資料與方法
1.1 一般資料 選擇2019年1-12月在本院行胸腔鏡肺癌根治術(shù)的患者60例。納入標(biāo)準(zhǔn):均擇期行胸腔鏡肺癌根治術(shù);心功能分級(jí)Ⅰ、Ⅱ級(jí);穿刺點(diǎn)無感染;凝血功能正常;無腎、肝、肺、心等器質(zhì)性病變。排除標(biāo)準(zhǔn):出現(xiàn)嚴(yán)重并發(fā)癥導(dǎo)致住院時(shí)間延長;精神病史長期服藥;慢性疼痛長期服藥;溝通困難或無法溝通;術(shù)前接受化療;對(duì)阿片類藥物過敏或?qū)致樗幬镞^敏;嚴(yán)重肥胖(BMI>35 kg/m2);合并嚴(yán)重循環(huán)、呼吸疾病。將患者隨機(jī)分為研究組和對(duì)照組,每組30例?;颊呔炇鹬橥鈺?,研究已經(jīng)醫(yī)院倫理學(xué)委員會(huì)批準(zhǔn)。
1.2 方法 兩組患者入室后開放靜脈通道,常規(guī)監(jiān)測血氧飽和度(SpO2)、血壓(BP)、心率(HR)、心電圖(ECG)。均采用靜脈誘導(dǎo)麻醉,藥物分別為0.6 mg/kg羅庫溴銨(生產(chǎn)廠家:浙江仙琚制藥股份有限公司,批準(zhǔn)文號(hào):國藥準(zhǔn)字H20123188,規(guī)格:2.5 mL︰25 mg),2 mg/kg丙泊酚(生產(chǎn)廠家:江蘇恩華藥業(yè)股份有限公司,批準(zhǔn)文號(hào):國藥準(zhǔn)字H20123138,規(guī)格:20 mL︰0.2 g),0.4 μg/kg舒芬太尼[生產(chǎn)廠家:宜昌人福藥業(yè)有限責(zé)任公司,批準(zhǔn)文號(hào):國藥準(zhǔn)字H20054171,規(guī)格:1 mL︰50 μg(按C22H30N2O2S計(jì))]。行雙腔支氣管插管,行機(jī)械通氣,使用纖維支氣管鏡對(duì)位,呼吸頻率(RR)設(shè)定12~16次/min,潮氣量(VT)6 mL/kg,維持呼氣末二氧化碳(PETCO2)35~45 mm Hg。術(shù)中麻醉意識(shí)深度監(jiān)測使用腦電雙頻指數(shù)監(jiān)護(hù)儀(BIS),控制BIS值在40~60。兩組患者均行超聲引導(dǎo)前鋸肌平面阻滯,對(duì)照組注入氯化鈉注射液(生產(chǎn)廠家:宜昌三峽制藥有限公司,批準(zhǔn)文號(hào):國藥準(zhǔn)字H20123141,規(guī)格:100 mL︰0.9 g)30 mL,研究組注入0.3%羅哌卡因[生產(chǎn)廠家:河北一品制藥股份有限公司,批準(zhǔn)文號(hào):國藥準(zhǔn)字H20113463,規(guī)格:10 mL︰75 mg(按C17H26N20-HCl計(jì))]30 mL。維持麻醉使用0.4 mg(kg·h)羅庫溴銨、2~4 ng/mL瑞芬太尼[生產(chǎn)廠家:宜昌人福藥業(yè)有限責(zé)任公司,批準(zhǔn)文號(hào):國藥準(zhǔn)字H20030199,規(guī)格:2 mg(按C20H28N2O5計(jì))]、1~4 μg/mL丙泊酚。兩組患者術(shù)后留置電子靜脈鎮(zhèn)痛泵,鎖定時(shí)間15 min,單次劑量2 mL,鎮(zhèn)痛泵配方為10 mL氯化鈉注射液+4 mg托烷司瓊(生產(chǎn)廠家:山東羅欣藥業(yè)集團(tuán)股份有限公司,批準(zhǔn)文號(hào):國藥準(zhǔn)字H20061060,規(guī)格:2 mg)+2 μg/kg舒芬太尼,持續(xù)背景輸注速率2 mL/h。
1.3 觀察指標(biāo)及判定標(biāo)準(zhǔn) (1)比較兩組術(shù)中瑞芬太尼、丙泊酚、舒芬太尼用量和48 h內(nèi)鎮(zhèn)痛泵有效按壓次數(shù)。(2)比較兩組術(shù)后不同時(shí)點(diǎn)靜息、運(yùn)動(dòng)時(shí)疼痛情況。采用視覺模擬評(píng)分法(VAS)對(duì)兩組患者的靜息疼痛程度、運(yùn)動(dòng)疼痛程度各進(jìn)行一次評(píng)分,分別于術(shù)后2、6、12、24、48 h各評(píng)估一次。(3)比較兩組不同時(shí)點(diǎn)平均動(dòng)脈壓、心率情況。觀察并記錄兩組患者術(shù)中平均動(dòng)脈壓、心率等應(yīng)激情況,分別于入室時(shí)、麻醉誘導(dǎo)后5 min、切皮后2 min、術(shù)畢、拔管后10 min時(shí)各記錄1次。(4)比較兩組術(shù)后不良反應(yīng)發(fā)生情況,包括低血壓、呼吸抑制、瘙癢、惡心嘔吐。
1.4 統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)處理 采用SPSS 18.0軟件對(duì)所得數(shù)據(jù)進(jìn)行統(tǒng)計(jì)分析,計(jì)量資料用(x±s)表示,比較采用t檢驗(yàn);計(jì)數(shù)資料以率(%)表示,比較采用字2檢驗(yàn)。以P<0.05為差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義。
2 結(jié)果
2.1 兩組一般資料比較 對(duì)照組30例,男12例,女18例;年齡43~69歲,平均(55.9±12.8)歲;平均BMI(24.1±2.8)kg/m2;平均手術(shù)時(shí)間(126.4±26.7)min;術(shù)前VAS(5.7±0.6)分;ASA分級(jí):Ⅰ級(jí)8例,Ⅱ級(jí)22例。研究組30例,男13例,女17例;年齡42~69歲,平均(56.0±13.1)歲;BMI(24.6±2.2)kg/m2;平均手術(shù)時(shí)間(119.8±22.3)min;術(shù)前VAS(5.4±0.6)分;ASA分級(jí):Ⅰ級(jí)9例,Ⅱ級(jí)21例。兩組一般資料比較,差異均無統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P>0.05),具有可比性。
2.2 兩組術(shù)中瑞芬太尼、丙泊酚、舒芬太尼用量和48 h內(nèi)鎮(zhèn)痛泵有效按壓次數(shù)比較 研究組48 h內(nèi)鎮(zhèn)痛泵有效按壓次數(shù)和舒芬太尼、瑞芬太尼、丙泊酚使用劑量均少于對(duì)照組,差異均有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P<0.05),見表1。
2.3 兩組術(shù)后不同時(shí)點(diǎn)靜息、運(yùn)動(dòng)時(shí)疼痛情況比較 術(shù)后24、48 h,兩組的靜息、運(yùn)動(dòng)疼痛評(píng)分比較,差異均無統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P>0.05);術(shù)后2、6、12 h,研究組的靜息、運(yùn)動(dòng)疼痛評(píng)分均低于對(duì)照組,差異均有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P<0.05)。見表2、3。
2.4 兩組不同時(shí)點(diǎn)平均動(dòng)脈壓、心率比較 入室時(shí)、麻醉誘導(dǎo)后5 min、切皮后2 min,兩組平均動(dòng)脈壓、心率比較,差異均無統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P>0.05);術(shù)畢、拔管后10 min,研究組平均動(dòng)脈壓、心率均低于對(duì)照組,差異均有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P<0.05)。見表4。
2.5 兩組術(shù)后不良反應(yīng)發(fā)生情況比較 研究組不良反應(yīng)發(fā)生率低于對(duì)照組,差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P<0.05),見表5。
3 討論
胸腔鏡手術(shù)在胸外科領(lǐng)域廣泛應(yīng)用,具有術(shù)后恢復(fù)快、創(chuàng)傷小等優(yōu)點(diǎn),由于患者術(shù)后切口疼痛極易引發(fā)肺部感染、低氧血癥、肺不張等并發(fā)癥,抑制咳痰、咳嗽,呼吸幅度受限,因此術(shù)后早期充分鎮(zhèn)痛對(duì)胸腔鏡手術(shù)患者尤為重要,其能夠減少發(fā)生術(shù)后并發(fā)癥,加速患者康復(fù)[4-5]。與傳統(tǒng)開胸手術(shù)相比,胸腔鏡下肺癌根治術(shù)手術(shù)切口多為3~4 cm,切口為腋前線第5肋間或第6肋間,極大降低了患者的術(shù)后疼痛,但大部分患者仍然存在一定程度的疼痛,不利于患者治療,且疼痛會(huì)使患者引發(fā)炎癥反應(yīng),增加炎癥介質(zhì)釋放,加重機(jī)體應(yīng)激反應(yīng),延長患者住院時(shí)間[6-7]。疼痛還會(huì)嚴(yán)重影響患者身體康復(fù),降低患者睡眠質(zhì)量,引起患者強(qiáng)烈的不適感,因此圍手術(shù)期疼痛管理是胸腔鏡肺癌根治術(shù)患者快速康復(fù)的重要組成部分。
聯(lián)合應(yīng)用的多模式鎮(zhèn)痛、胸壁阻滯鎮(zhèn)痛、阿片類藥靜脈自控鎮(zhèn)痛是目前胸外科術(shù)后常用的鎮(zhèn)痛方式。其中,胸壁阻滯鎮(zhèn)痛方式又包括椎旁神經(jīng)阻滯、硬膜外鎮(zhèn)痛、肋間神經(jīng)阻滯[8-9]。椎旁神經(jīng)阻滯鎮(zhèn)痛極易出現(xiàn)阻滯失敗,脊髓麻醉、氣胸等并發(fā)癥發(fā)生增加,且操作難度較大,但對(duì)循環(huán)功能影響小,鎮(zhèn)痛效果接近硬膜外術(shù)后鎮(zhèn)痛;硬膜外術(shù)后鎮(zhèn)痛患者易出現(xiàn)血流動(dòng)力學(xué)改變,如低血壓、心動(dòng)過緩等,但術(shù)后鎮(zhèn)痛效果較好;肋間神經(jīng)阻滯常常需要對(duì)多個(gè)節(jié)段進(jìn)行阻滯,因肋間神經(jīng)分布具有重疊性[10-11]。上述無論哪種鎮(zhèn)痛方式均存在各自的局限性。胸腔鏡手術(shù)充分的術(shù)后鎮(zhèn)痛能夠減少呼吸功能不全、感染等潛在的術(shù)后并發(fā)癥,提高患者舒適度,促進(jìn)患者呼吸系統(tǒng)的恢復(fù)。
超聲引導(dǎo)前鋸肌平面阻滯能夠阻滯T2~9肋間神經(jīng)前皮支所支配的前外側(cè)胸壁,是一種新的區(qū)域阻滯方法。超聲引導(dǎo)前鋸肌平面阻滯在超聲輔助下阻滯易于辨認(rèn),在腋前線第5肋水平能夠?qū)η颁徏「街诶吖潜砻媲逦吹?,阻滯涉及解剖區(qū)域位置表淺[12-13]。超聲輔助下,深層筋膜平面或前鋸肌的表層注入局部麻醉藥物均能夠在可視化下進(jìn)行,前鋸肌淺層注入局部麻醉藥的感覺阻滯所需時(shí)間較深層筋膜平面注入局部麻醉藥物所需時(shí)間更短,兩種阻滯的感覺阻滯時(shí)程不同,局麻藥擴(kuò)散的組織區(qū)域范圍和止痛效果基本相同。超聲引導(dǎo)前鋸肌平面阻滯具有明顯優(yōu)勢,并發(fā)癥發(fā)生率低、學(xué)習(xí)曲線短、操作技術(shù)簡單,應(yīng)用于術(shù)后止痛效果良好[14]。
本研究結(jié)果顯示,研究組48 h內(nèi)鎮(zhèn)痛泵有效按壓次數(shù)和舒芬太尼、瑞芬太尼、丙泊酚使用劑量均少于對(duì)照組,差異均有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P<0.05)。研究組注入羅哌卡因局麻藥物,靜脈鎮(zhèn)痛泵的效果有明顯提升,超聲引導(dǎo)前鋸肌平面阻滯具有良好的協(xié)同鎮(zhèn)痛作用,術(shù)后早期疼痛明顯減輕,術(shù)后阿片類鎮(zhèn)痛藥物、術(shù)中麻醉藥物使用劑量均有顯著減少,有助于患者術(shù)后呼吸系統(tǒng)快速恢復(fù),有利于術(shù)后咳痰、咳嗽,促進(jìn)患者康復(fù)。
前鋸肌位置表淺,超聲引導(dǎo)下容易定位,組織成功率高、安全、損傷小,能夠提供良好的前外側(cè)胸壁鎮(zhèn)痛效果,此種方法多應(yīng)用于乳腺癌圍手術(shù)期麻醉與鎮(zhèn)痛,用于胸腔鏡肺癌根治術(shù)的研究較少[15]。本研究結(jié)果顯示,術(shù)后不同時(shí)點(diǎn)靜息、運(yùn)動(dòng)時(shí)疼痛對(duì)比,研究組的評(píng)分均低于對(duì)照組。超聲引導(dǎo)前鋸肌平面阻滯能夠很容易分辨出前鋸肌、大圓肌、背闊肌,肋間神經(jīng)前皮支的感覺平面能夠阻滯,胸壁鎮(zhèn)痛效果良好。前鋸肌平面內(nèi)無大血管走行,超聲引導(dǎo)下胸部結(jié)構(gòu)很容易識(shí)別,周圍組織結(jié)構(gòu)易于辨認(rèn),藥物注射定位較為準(zhǔn)確,對(duì)重要臟器、神經(jīng)、血管的損傷能夠最大程度上減少,因而此類術(shù)后并發(fā)癥較少發(fā)生。
綜上所述,胸腔鏡肺癌根治術(shù)患者應(yīng)用0.3%羅哌卡因藥物能夠在一定程度上減少阿片類藥物使用劑量,減輕患者術(shù)后早期疼痛程度,阻滯時(shí)間長達(dá)12 h,降低術(shù)后不良反應(yīng)發(fā)生率。超聲引導(dǎo)前鋸肌平面阻滯麻醉中應(yīng)用0.3%羅哌卡因藥物安全簡單,可作為圍手術(shù)期鎮(zhèn)痛的重要組成部分。
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(收稿日期:2020-09-11) (本文編輯:姬思雨)
中國醫(yī)學(xué)創(chuàng)新2021年21期