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中性粒細(xì)胞/淋巴細(xì)胞比值對(duì)多發(fā)性骨髓瘤患者預(yù)后評(píng)估的價(jià)值

2024-01-01 00:00:00周姝慧阮紀(jì)愷江杰雯沈水杰周曉丹
交通醫(yī)學(xué) 2024年4期
關(guān)鍵詞:中性粒細(xì)胞多發(fā)性骨髓瘤

[摘" "要]" "目的:探討中性粒細(xì)胞/淋巴細(xì)胞比值(neutrophil/lymphocyte ratio,NLR)對(duì)多發(fā)性骨髓瘤(multiple myeloma,MM)患者預(yù)后評(píng)估的價(jià)值。方法:收集127例MM患者初診時(shí)相關(guān)臨床數(shù)據(jù),按NLR 1.87為界,分為低NLR組57例和高NLR組70例。比較兩組臨床特征,對(duì)影響多發(fā)性骨髓瘤患者預(yù)后的因素進(jìn)行單因素分析和Cox回歸模型多因素分析。結(jié)果:127例患者3年及5年總生存期(overall survival,OS)分別為65%、38%,3年及5年無進(jìn)展生存期(progression-free survival,PFS)分別為34%、22%。與低NLR組比較,高NLR組患者初診時(shí)血清白蛋白lt;36 g/L、β2微球蛋白gt;2.4 μg/mL、血鈣gt;2.1 mmol/L、國(guó)際分期系統(tǒng)(international staging system,ISS)分期晚、Durie-Salmon(DS)分期晚的患者比例顯著增高,差異均具有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(Plt;0.05)。單因素分析顯示,年齡gt;60歲、NLRgt;1.87、血紅蛋白lt;90 g/L、白蛋白lt;36 g/L、乳酸脫氫酶gt;245 U/L、β2微球蛋白gt;2.4 μg/mL、骨髓瘤細(xì)胞比例gt;30%為影響OS的不良因素(Plt;0.05);年齡gt;60歲、NLRgt;1.87、血小板計(jì)數(shù)lt;125×109/L、血紅蛋白lt;90 g/L、白蛋白lt;36 g/L、乳酸脫氫酶gt;245 U/L、β2微球蛋白gt;2.4 μg/mL、骨髓瘤細(xì)胞比例gt;30%、ISS分期、DS分期為影響PFS的不良因素(Plt;0.05)。COX多因素分析表明,年齡gt;60歲、NLRgt;1.87、乳酸脫氫酶gt;245 U/L、骨髓瘤細(xì)胞比例gt;30%是影響OS的獨(dú)立危險(xiǎn)因素,年齡gt;60歲、NLRgt;1.87、血小板計(jì)數(shù)lt;125×109/L、白蛋白lt;36 g/L、乳酸脫氫酶gt;245 U/L、骨髓瘤細(xì)胞比例gt;30%是影響PFS的獨(dú)立危險(xiǎn)因素。結(jié)論:NLR升高與MM患者預(yù)后不良的臨床特征相關(guān),是影響患者生存的獨(dú)立危險(xiǎn)因素,可作為預(yù)測(cè)MM患者預(yù)后的容易獲得的指標(biāo)。

[關(guān)鍵詞]" "中性粒細(xì)胞/淋巴細(xì)胞比值;多發(fā)性骨髓瘤;預(yù)后因素;骨髓微環(huán)境;骨髓源性抑制細(xì)胞

[中圖分類號(hào)]" "R733.3 [文獻(xiàn)標(biāo)志碼]" "A [DOI]" "10.19767/j.cnki.32-1412.2024.04.002

The prognostic value of neutrophil / lymphocyte ratio in patients with multiple myeloma

ZHOU Shuhui1, RUAN Jikai1, JIANG Jiewen1, SHEN Shuijie1, ZHOU Xiaodan2

(1Department of Oncology, Nantong Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University of Traditional Chinese medicine/Nantong Hospital of traditional Chinese medicine, Jiangsu 226001; 2Department of Hematology, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University/the first People’s Hospital of Nantong)

[Abstract]" "Objective:To investigate the value of neutrophil/lymphocytic ratio (NLR) in evaluating the prognosis of patients with multiple myeloma (MM). Methods:The relevant clinical data of 127 patients with MM were collected at initial diagnosis. According to NLR 1.87, there were 57 cases in the low NLR group and 70 cases in the high NLR group. The clinical features of the two groups were compared, and the factors influencing the prognosis of MM patients were analyzed by univariate analysis and multivariate analysis of Cox regression model. Results: The 3-year and 5-year overall survival (OS) of the patients were 65% and 38% respectively, and the 3-year and 5-year progression-free survival (PFS) were 34% and 22% respectively. Compared with the low NLR group, the proportion of patients with serum albumin lt;36 g/L, β2 microglobulin gt;2.4 μg/mL, calcium gt;2.1 mmol/L, late international staging system (ISS) stage and Durie-Salmon (DS) stage was higher than that in the high NLR group at initial diagnosis, and the difference was statistically significant (Plt;0.05). Univariate analysis showed that age gt;60 years old, NLRgt;1.87, hemoglobin lt;90 g/L, albumin lt;36 g/L, lactate dehydrogenase gt;245 U/L, β2 microglobulin gt;2.4 μg/mL and myeloma cell ratio gt;30% were the adverse factors affecting OS (Plt;0.05); age gt;60 years old, NLR gt;1.87, platelet count lt;125×109/L, hemoglobin lt;90 g/L, albumin lt;36 g/L, lactate dehydrogenase gt;245 U/L, β2 microglobulin gt;2.4 μg/mL, proportion of myeloma cells gt;30%, ISS stage and DS stage were the adverse factors affecting PFS (Plt;0.05). COX multivariate analysis showed that age gt;60 years old, NLRgt;1.87, lactate dehydrogenase gt;245 U/L and myeloma cell ratio gt;30% were the independent risk factors affecting OS. Age gt;60 years old, NLRgt;1.87, platelet count lt;125×109/L, albumin lt;36 g/L, lactate dehydrogenase gt;245 U/L and myeloma cell proportion gt;30% were the independent risk factors affecting PFS. Conclusion: The increase of NLR is associated with the clinical characteristics of poor prognosis in MM patients, which is an independent risk factor affecting patient survival and can be used as an easy indicator to predict the prognosis of MM patients.

[Key words]" "neutrophil/lymphocyte ratio; multiple myeloma; prognostic factors; bone marrow microenvironment; myeloid-derived suppressor cells

多發(fā)性骨髓瘤(multiple myeloma,MM)是常見的惡性漿細(xì)胞疾病,其特點(diǎn)是骨髓中克隆性漿細(xì)胞異常增生,伴有單克隆免疫球蛋白或輕鏈(M蛋白)過度生成。近年來隨著生物靶向藥物問世,MM療效得到很大改善,特別是來那度胺和硼替佐米的廣泛應(yīng)用使患者生存率顯著提高[1-3]。國(guó)際分期系統(tǒng)(international staging system,ISS)是目前應(yīng)用最廣泛的MM預(yù)后系統(tǒng)[4]。由于MM在疾病進(jìn)展和預(yù)后方面表現(xiàn)出顯著的異質(zhì)性,臨床仍需要一些簡(jiǎn)單且獨(dú)立的預(yù)后標(biāo)志物來評(píng)估患者的預(yù)后。

研究發(fā)現(xiàn),炎癥和MM的發(fā)病存在緊密聯(lián)系。骨髓瘤細(xì)胞依賴于炎癥產(chǎn)生的免疫抑制微環(huán)境而維持生存和增殖[5]。MM骨髓微環(huán)境含有巨噬細(xì)胞、樹突狀細(xì)胞、肥大細(xì)胞和髓源抑制細(xì)胞(myeloid-derived suppressor cells,MDSC),這些炎性細(xì)胞分泌C反應(yīng)蛋白(C-reaction protein,CRP)、白細(xì)胞介素6(interleukin-6,IL-6)、胰島素樣生長(zhǎng)因子1(insulin-like growth factor 1,IGF-1)、轉(zhuǎn)化生長(zhǎng)因子-β1(transforming growth factor-β,TGF-β)和白細(xì)胞介素17(interleukin-17,IL-17)等細(xì)胞因子,促進(jìn)免疫抑制[6-8]。目前MM的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)分層主要基于腫瘤生物學(xué)、腫瘤負(fù)荷和患者特征,未納入腫瘤微環(huán)境相關(guān)因素[9]。

宿主對(duì)惡性腫瘤的反應(yīng)包括腫瘤微環(huán)境的變化以及全身性反應(yīng),可表現(xiàn)為骨髓及循環(huán)中中性粒細(xì)胞增加和淋巴細(xì)胞減少[10]。已有研究表明,中性粒細(xì)胞計(jì)數(shù)/淋巴細(xì)胞計(jì)數(shù)比值(neutrophil/lymphocyte ratio,NLR)在宮頸癌、腎癌、胃腸道癌和肺癌等多種實(shí)體瘤中具有預(yù)后價(jià)值[11-15]。本研究回顧性分析2011年1月—2018年12月南通市中醫(yī)院和南通市第一人民醫(yī)院診治的MM患者127例臨床資料,探討NLR對(duì)多發(fā)性骨髓瘤患者預(yù)后評(píng)估的價(jià)值。

1" "資料與方法

1.1" "一般資料" "MM患者127例,男性68例,女性59例,確診時(shí)年齡43~84歲,中位年齡66歲;ISS分期:Ⅰ期20例,Ⅱ期45例,Ⅲ期62例;DS分期:Ⅰ期14例,Ⅱ期42例,Ⅲ期63例;IgG型69例(54.3%),IgA型34例(26.8%),IgD型4例(3.1%),輕鏈型15例(11.8%),非分泌型5例(3.9%)。截至2021年12月,死亡90例(70.8%),3年及5年總生存期(overall survival,OS)分別為65%、38%,3年及5年無進(jìn)展生存期(progression-free survival,PFS)分別為34%、22%。所有患者符合2014年國(guó)際骨髓瘤工作組提出的MM診斷標(biāo)準(zhǔn),排除急性感染、慢性感染性疾病、伴有其他惡性腫瘤以及使用抗炎藥物者。以5年生存為終點(diǎn),繪制受試者工作特征(receiver operating characteristic,ROC)曲線,NLR曲線下面積(area under curve,AUC)為 0.646(95%CI:0.540~0.751),最佳截?cái)嘀禐?.87,其敏感度和特異度分別為64.4%和67.6%。按NLR 1.87為界,127例MM患者分為低NLR組57例和高NLR組70例。

1.2" "治療方法" "127例患者中105例采用1~8個(gè)療程以硼替佐米為基礎(chǔ)的聯(lián)合方案進(jìn)行誘導(dǎo)治療,包括PADT方案(硼替佐米、表柔比星、地塞米松、沙利度胺)、PAD方案(硼替佐米、表柔比星、地塞米松)、PDT方案(硼替佐米、地塞米松、沙利度胺)、PCD方案(硼替佐米、環(huán)磷酰胺、地塞米松)、PCDT方案(硼替佐米、環(huán)磷酰胺、地塞米松、沙利度胺)、PD方案(硼替佐米、地塞米松),待疾病穩(wěn)定達(dá)到緩解后進(jìn)行維持治療,直至疾病進(jìn)展。另22例虛弱患者使用來那度胺和低劑量地塞米松進(jìn)行雙聯(lián)治療。18例患者誘導(dǎo)治療4個(gè)療程后,接受自體造血干細(xì)胞移植。

1.3" "統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)處理" "總生存期定義為從診斷至任何原因?qū)е滤劳龅臅r(shí)間。無進(jìn)展生存期定義為患者接受初次治療至疾病復(fù)發(fā)、進(jìn)展或末次隨訪的時(shí)間。使用SPSS 26.0統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)軟件進(jìn)行數(shù)據(jù)分析。計(jì)數(shù)資料以頻數(shù)和率表示,組間比較采用χ2檢驗(yàn);應(yīng)用ROC曲線評(píng)價(jià)NLR對(duì)OS的預(yù)測(cè)價(jià)值,Kaplan-Meier曲線估計(jì)OS及PFS,采用Cox回歸模型分析影響患者預(yù)后的因素。Plt;0.05為差異具有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義。

2" "結(jié)" " " 果

2.1" "低NLR組與高NLR組患者臨床特征比較" "與低NLR組比較,高NLR組患者初診時(shí)血清ALBlt;36 g/L、β2MGgt;2.4 μg/mL、血鈣gt;2.1 mmol/L、ISS分期晚、DS分期晚的患者比例顯著增高,差異均具有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(Plt;0.05)。見表1。

2.2" "影響多發(fā)性骨髓瘤患者預(yù)后單因素分析" "單因素分析結(jié)果顯示,年齡gt;60歲、NLRgt;1.87、Hblt;90 g/L、ALBlt;36 g/L、LDHgt;245 U/L、β2MGgt;2.4 μg/mL、骨髓瘤細(xì)胞比例gt;30%、DS分期、ISS分期為影響OS的不良因素(Plt;0.05);年齡gt;60歲、NLRgt;1.87、PLTlt;125×109/L、Hblt;90 g/L、ALBlt;36 g/L、LDHgt;245 U/L、β2MGgt;2.4 μg/mL、骨髓瘤細(xì)胞比例gt;30%、DS分期、ISS分期為影響PFS的不良因素(Plt;0.05)。見表2。

2.3" "影響多發(fā)性骨髓瘤患者預(yù)后多因素分析" "COX回歸模型多因素分析表明,年齡gt;60歲、NLRgt;1.87、LDHgt;245 U/L、骨髓瘤細(xì)胞比例gt;30%是影響OS的獨(dú)立危險(xiǎn)因素(Plt;0.05),見表3。年齡gt;60歲、NLRgt;1.87、PLTlt;125×109/L、ALBlt;36 g/L、LDHgt;245 U/L、骨髓瘤細(xì)胞比例gt;30%是影響PFS的獨(dú)立危險(xiǎn)因素(Plt;0.05),見表4。

3" "討" " " 論

慢性炎癥通過誘導(dǎo)腫瘤細(xì)胞生長(zhǎng)、血管生成和基因組不穩(wěn)定性在促進(jìn)腫瘤發(fā)生中起著關(guān)鍵作用[16]。MM是漿細(xì)胞惡性腫瘤,瘤細(xì)胞生存和增殖依賴于炎癥產(chǎn)生的免疫抑制微環(huán)境。研究表明,NLR升高是某些實(shí)體腫瘤的不良預(yù)后指標(biāo)[17]。NLR可用于預(yù)測(cè)MM患者的生存期,有助于MM的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)分層[18-19]。

本研究結(jié)果顯示,與低NLR組相比,高NLR組ALBlt;36 g/L、β2MGgt;2.4 μg/mL、血鈣gt;2.1 mmol/L、ISS分期晚、DS分期晚的患者比例顯著增高,差異均具有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(Plt;0.05),提示NLR升高與MM預(yù)后不良的臨床病理特征相關(guān)。多因素分析表明,除了年齡、LDH、PLT、ALB、骨髓瘤細(xì)胞比例,NLR升高也是影響MM患者OS及PFS的獨(dú)立危險(xiǎn)因素,可作為預(yù)測(cè)MM患者預(yù)后的容易獲得的指標(biāo)。

研究表明,癌癥可加速骨髓細(xì)胞生成,骨髓、血液和脾臟中未成熟中性粒細(xì)胞和單核細(xì)胞數(shù)量增加,這些細(xì)胞具有較強(qiáng)的免疫抑制活性,稱為髓源性抑制細(xì)胞(MDSC),外周血絕對(duì)中性粒細(xì)胞計(jì)數(shù)增多一定程度上可能反映MDSC增生程度加速[6,20-24]。外周血中性粒細(xì)胞、骨髓MDSC、單核細(xì)胞和巨噬細(xì)胞產(chǎn)生大量活性氧,對(duì)細(xì)胞DNA造成氧化損傷,誘發(fā)抑癌基因和癌基因的突變,導(dǎo)致腫瘤增殖和擴(kuò)散[25]。許多類型的腫瘤細(xì)胞以及腫瘤微環(huán)境中細(xì)胞產(chǎn)生趨化因子CXCL5和CXCL8,招募中性粒細(xì)胞和MDSC,促進(jìn)腫瘤細(xì)胞的增殖[26-34]。另外,外周血淋巴細(xì)胞減少反映機(jī)體免疫功能受抑。腫瘤相關(guān)中性粒細(xì)胞(toumor-associated neutrophile,TAN)可能抑制CD4+輔助性T細(xì)胞(Th1)和CD8+腫瘤浸潤(rùn)淋巴細(xì)胞(tumor-infiltrating lymphocyte,TIL)的抗腫瘤活性,驅(qū)動(dòng)腫瘤血管生成和轉(zhuǎn)移,促進(jìn)免疫抑制,進(jìn)而保護(hù)腫瘤細(xì)胞免疫逃逸,促進(jìn)腫瘤的發(fā)展[8,19,35]。

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[收稿日期] 2024-07-15

(本文編輯" "繆宏建)

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