[摘要]目的探討圍術期個體化營養(yǎng)干預對存在營養(yǎng)風險的高齡腰椎后路椎間融合術患者的影響。方法選取2018年1月—2019年12月于首都醫(yī)科大學宣武醫(yī)院行腰椎后路椎間融合術的181例年齡>75歲的老年患者作為研究對象,將NRS2002≥3分的85例患者納入干預組,NRS2002<3分的96例患者納入對照組。對照組予以常規(guī)飲食宣教,患者根據(jù)自己的飲食模式及喜好自行訂餐;干預組予以進一步營養(yǎng)評估,制定個體化營養(yǎng)治療方案。比較兩組的營養(yǎng)指標(血清總蛋白、白蛋白、前白蛋白及血紅蛋白)、可能致術后低蛋白血癥的潛在高危因素(是否伴隨糖尿病、衰弱狀態(tài)、手術時間及術中出血量)及術后感染情況。結果兩組性別、病程、合并糖尿病比例及衰弱狀態(tài)比較,差異均無統(tǒng)計學意義(P>0.05);干預組年齡高于對照組,體質(zhì)量指數(shù)、術中出血量及術前血清總蛋白、白蛋白、前白蛋白、血紅蛋白水平均低于對照組,手術時間短于對照組,差異均有統(tǒng)計學意義(P<0.05)。兩組手術后血清總蛋白、白蛋白、前白蛋白及血紅蛋白水平均較術前有所下降,干預組各指標的下降水平均低于對照組,差異均有統(tǒng)計學意義(P<0.05)。兩組在住院時間及術后感染情況比較,差異均無統(tǒng)計學意義(P>0.05)。結論對存在營養(yǎng)風險的行腰椎后路融合術的高齡患者進行術前營養(yǎng)干預,可減少術后營養(yǎng)指標的下降。
[關鍵詞]營養(yǎng)干預;腰椎后路椎間融合術;營養(yǎng)指標;術后感染;住院時間
doi:10.3969/j.issn.1674-7593.2024.03.004
Influence on Nutritional Index and Prognosis of Perioperative Individualized NutritionalIntervention for Elderly Patients with Nutritional Risk after Posterior Lumbar Interbody Fusion
Ren Xiaoyi,Li Xuying,Qian Hongjuan,Li Ying,Wang Chaodong**
Department of Nutriology,Xuanwu Hospital Capital Medical University,National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders,Beijing100053
**Corresponding author:Wang Chaodong,email:cdongwang@xwhosp.org
[Abstract]ObjectiveTo investigate the effect of perioperative individualized nutritional intervention on the changes of nutritional indicators and prognosis of elderly patients with nutritional risk after posterior lumbar interbody fusion.MethodsFrom January 2018 to December 2019,a total of 181 elderly patients over 75 years old with posterior lumbar interbody fusion in Xuanwu Hospital Capital Medical University were included in this study.85 patients with≥3 points of NRS2002 were included in the intervention group,and 96 patients with<3 points of NRS2002 were included in the control group.The control group was given routine diet education,and the patients ordered meals according to their own dietary patterns and preferences.The intervention group was given further nutritional assessment and individualized nutritional treatment plan was developed.Nutritional indices(serum total protein,albumin,prealbumin and hemoglobin),potential risk factors for postoperative hypoproteinemia(whether diabetes mellitus,frailty,operative time and intraoperative blood loss) and postoperative infection were compared between the two groups.ResultsThere were no significant differences in gender,course of disease,proportion of combined diabetes and frailty between the two groups(P>0.05).The age of the intervention group was higher than that of the control group,the body mass index,intraoperative blood loss,preoperative "serum total protein,albumin,prealbumin and hemoglobin levels were lower than those of the control group,and the operation time was shorter than that of the control group,with statistical significance(P<0.05).The levels of serum total protein,albumin,prealbumin and hemoglobin in both groups were decreased after operation,but the levels of all indexes in the intervention group were lower than those in the control group,with statistical significance(P<0.05).There was no significant difference in length of hospital stay and postoperative infection between the two groups(P>0.05).ConclusionFor elderly patients with nutritional risk,preoperative nutritional intervention can reduce the decline of postoperative nutritional indicators.
[Key words]Nutritional intervention;Posterior lumbar interbody fusion;Nutritional index;Postoperative infection;Length of hospital stay
既往研究表明對于存在營養(yǎng)風險的高齡患者,術后發(fā)生感染、切口不愈合、骨折斷端骨不連、吻合口瘺等危險因素明顯增加[1-2]。良好的營養(yǎng)水平能夠為疾病恢復提供充足的營養(yǎng)素,促進疾病的康復。本研究擬探討個體化營養(yǎng)支持對高齡患者腰椎術后營養(yǎng)狀況、術后感染及住院時間的影響。
1對象與方法
1.1研究對象
選取2018年1月—2019年12月于首都醫(yī)科大學宣武醫(yī)院行腰椎后路椎間融合術的181例年齡>75歲的老年患者作為研究對象,其中男54例,女127例,腰椎間盤突出38例,腰椎管狹窄57例,腰椎滑脫51例,腰椎骨折35例。納入標準:①經(jīng)3個月的保守治療無效者;②一般情況良好,可正常進食者;③手術采用后入路腰椎間融合術。排除標準:并存有嚴重器質(zhì)性心血管病、消化道疾病及惡性腫瘤等疾病者。患者在入院24 h內(nèi)均予以NRS2002營養(yǎng)篩查,篩查結果≥3分定義為存在營養(yǎng)風險[3]。本研究中85例患者存在營養(yǎng)風險為干預組,其他96例營養(yǎng)正常的患者為對照組。
1.2營養(yǎng)管理模式
對照組入院后予以常規(guī)飲食宣教,患者根據(jù)自己的飲食模式及喜好自行訂餐,術后排氣后進食。干預組實施個體化營養(yǎng)支持方案,營養(yǎng)師對患者進一步實施營養(yǎng)評估,制定營養(yǎng)治療方案:總能量供給為30~35 kcal/kg,三大營養(yǎng)素供給量分別為蛋白質(zhì)1.2~1.5 g/kg、脂肪1.0~1.3 g/kg、碳水化合物3.0~3.5 g/kg。確定營養(yǎng)治療方案后,制定每日飲食食譜。隨訪患者進食情況,督促患者按照飲食醫(yī)囑執(zhí)行,動態(tài)調(diào)整,不斷改善患者的營養(yǎng)狀態(tài)。術后2~4 h即可指導患者盡早進食[4]。
1.3觀察指標
入院時收集患者的一般人口學特征指標,患者入院時的檢測指標為術前指標,手術后的檢測指標為術后指標。營養(yǎng)指標:血清總蛋白、血清白蛋白、血清前白蛋白、血紅蛋白??赡苤滦g后低蛋白血癥的潛在高危因素:是否伴有糖尿病、衰弱狀態(tài)、手術時間及術中出血量。術后感染指標:傷口感染、肺部感染、泌尿系統(tǒng)感染。
1.4統(tǒng)計學方法
采用SPSS22.0統(tǒng)計學軟件進行數(shù)據(jù)分析。正態(tài)分布的計量資料以±s表示,組間采用t檢驗;非正態(tài)分布的計量資料采用M(P1,P3)表示,組間比較采用Mann-Whitney U檢驗;計數(shù)資料采用χ2檢驗;P<0.05為差異有統(tǒng)計學意義。
2結果
2.1兩組人口學數(shù)據(jù)基線資料比較
干預組年齡高于對照組,體質(zhì)量指數(shù)、術中出血量及術前血清總蛋白、白蛋白、前白蛋白、血紅蛋白水平均低于對照組,手術時間短于對照組,差異均有統(tǒng)計學意義(P<0.05),見表1。
2.2兩組手術前后營養(yǎng)指標變化的差值比較
兩組手術后血清總蛋白、白蛋白、前白蛋白及血紅蛋白水平均較術前有所下降,干預組各指標的下降水平均低于對照組(P<0.05),見表2。
2.3兩組住院時間及術后感染情況比較
干預組總住院時間、術后住院時間短于對照組,術后感染發(fā)生率低于對照組,但兩組比較差異均無統(tǒng)計學意義(P>0.05),見表3。
3討論
患者實施外科手術后,可產(chǎn)生不同程度的應激反應,導致血管的通透性增加,白蛋白轉移到血管外,再加上高齡患者因機體老化、臟器功能減退、各臟器代償機能及組織修復能力降低,術前營養(yǎng)不良及多病共存的因素,術后白蛋白指標有明顯下降[5-6]。陳余興等[7]對80歲以上高齡老年骨科手術患者的研究發(fā)現(xiàn),低蛋白血癥的發(fā)生率高達36.9%。劉文斌[8]對骨科手術患者研究發(fā)現(xiàn),術后的白蛋白水平明顯低于術前(P<0.05)。本研究顯示,高齡患者腰椎后路椎間融合術后血清白蛋白、前白蛋白及血紅蛋白均有所下降。由此可見,高齡患者營養(yǎng)情況應得到臨床的重視。
術前存在營養(yǎng)風險的患者大多伴隨蛋白質(zhì)及能量儲存不足,圍術期機體對蛋白質(zhì)和能量的需求增加,術后患者能量及蛋白質(zhì)的缺乏會導致機體預防感染能力降低。Bohl等[9]對行腰椎后路融合術的患者研究表明,術前低蛋白血癥患者除平均住院時間延長及出院后30 d內(nèi)再入院率增加外,還發(fā)生了術后傷口愈合不全及尿路感染。Salvetti等[10]對擇期脊柱手術患者進行的回顧性分析發(fā)現(xiàn),術前血清前白蛋白≤200 mg/L的患者術后傷口感染率約是營養(yǎng)狀態(tài)正?;颊叩?倍,且術前血清前白蛋白水平低是術后手術部位感染的危險因素。Puvanesarajah等[1]研究發(fā)現(xiàn),腰椎融合術前診斷為營養(yǎng)不良的患者術后發(fā)生重大并發(fā)癥、感染和死亡率的可能性更大。血紅蛋白也與術后切口感染有關,這可能是由于術后血紅蛋白降低將會影響血液攜氧能力,從而導致傷口皮膚因局部細胞缺氧而延緩傷口愈合,增加了切口的感染機會[11]。本研究中發(fā)現(xiàn)存在營養(yǎng)風險的患者術后感染的發(fā)生率并未增加,可能跟通過營養(yǎng)干預有關,營養(yǎng)干預增加了患者對術后血清白蛋白丟失與消耗的耐受能力,從而減少了術后感染。
Xu等[12]對腰椎手術患者的前瞻性研究發(fā)現(xiàn),與對照組比較,圍術期的營養(yǎng)干預可降低術后白蛋白的輸注率,增加了術后白蛋白水平。張玉萍等[13]發(fā)現(xiàn),給予髖部手術的老年患者營養(yǎng)支持后,其營養(yǎng)水平指標白蛋白、轉鐵蛋白含量逐漸提高,且患者的下床活動時間及住院時間明顯縮短,肺部感染、切口不愈合等并發(fā)癥發(fā)生率降低,患者術后1年的死亡率明顯下降。我國專家也指出,對于多病共存的高齡患者,中大型手術前應嚴格執(zhí)行糾正低蛋白的標準[14]。本研究中存在營養(yǎng)風險的高齡患者通過個體化的營養(yǎng)干預后,術后營養(yǎng)指標下降水平低于對照組,沒有增加術后感染的風險及住院時間,表明圍術期的營養(yǎng)干預是有效的。
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(2023-12-27收稿)