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非甾體類消炎藥雙氯芬酸抑制間充質(zhì)干細(xì)胞向肌腱細(xì)胞增殖分化的研究

2017-04-26 20:38呂天旻俞富祥張甦張建國
中國現(xiàn)代醫(yī)生 2017年4期
關(guān)鍵詞:間充質(zhì)干細(xì)胞

呂天旻 俞富祥 張甦 張建國

[摘要] 目的 探討NSAIDs對(duì)間充質(zhì)干細(xì)胞向肌腱細(xì)胞增殖分化過程的影響。 方法 體外建立鼠間充質(zhì)干細(xì)胞系 C3H10T1/2 的肌腱細(xì)胞分化模型;CCK-8比色法分別檢測雙氯芬酸(diclofenac,DF)對(duì)間充質(zhì)干細(xì)胞增殖的影響;用生長分化因子-7(growth differentiation factor,GDF-7)誘導(dǎo)鼠間充質(zhì)干細(xì)胞系C3H10T1/2分化為肌腱細(xì)胞;PCR 檢測間充質(zhì)干細(xì)胞分化過程中肌腱細(xì)胞相關(guān)基因(腱調(diào)蛋白、膠原蛋白)的表達(dá)。PCR 分別檢測 DF 對(duì)間充質(zhì)干細(xì)胞分化過程中相關(guān)基因[腱調(diào)蛋白、脂肪細(xì)胞型脂肪酸結(jié)合蛋白(aP2)]表達(dá)的影響。 結(jié)果 成功建立鼠間充質(zhì)干細(xì)胞系C3H10T1/2 的肌腱細(xì)胞分化模型;DF高濃度時(shí)明顯抑制間充質(zhì)干細(xì)胞增殖(24 h:t=2.357,3.524,P<0.05。72 h:t=3.217,3.592,P<0.05);GDF-7成功誘導(dǎo)鼠間充質(zhì)干細(xì)胞系 C3H10T1/2 分化為肌腱細(xì)胞,肌腱細(xì)胞相關(guān)基因表達(dá)明顯增加(腱調(diào)蛋白:t=124.107,P<0.05;Ⅰ型膠原蛋白α1:t=38.107,P<0.05);DF對(duì)間充質(zhì)干細(xì)胞分化過程中抑制了肌腱基因的表達(dá)(DF:腱調(diào)蛋白:t=31.758,P<0.05),增強(qiáng)了脂肪相關(guān)基因的表達(dá)[(DF:脂肪細(xì)胞型脂肪酸結(jié)合蛋白(aP2):t=97.735,P<0.05)]。 結(jié)論 高濃度時(shí) DF 抑制間充質(zhì)干細(xì)胞增殖,改變間充質(zhì)干細(xì)胞分化方向,不利于肌腱細(xì)胞再生修復(fù)。

[關(guān)鍵詞] 間充質(zhì)干細(xì)胞;肌腱細(xì)胞;增殖分化;生長分化因子

[中圖分類號(hào)] R915 [文獻(xiàn)標(biāo)識(shí)碼] B [文章編號(hào)] 1673-9701(2017)04-0005-05

Study of inhibition of proliferation and differentiation of mesenchymal stem cells into tendon cells by non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs of diclofenac

LV Tianmin YU Fuxiang ZHANG Su ZHANG Jian'guo

School of Medicine, Huzhou University, Huzhou 313000, China

[Abstract] Objective To investigate the effects of NSAIDs on the proliferation and differentiation of mesenchymal stem cells to tendon cells. Methods The differentiation model of tendon cells of rat mesenchymal stem cell line C3H10T1/2 was established in vitro. The effect of diclofenac(DF) on the proliferation of mesenchymal stem cells was detected by CCK-8 colorimetric assay. The differentiation of rat mesenchymal cell line C3H10T1/2 was induced by growth differentiation factor-7(GDF-7) into tendon cells. PCR was used to detect the expression of tendon-associated genes(tendon protein and collagen)during mesenchymal differentiation. PCR was used to detect the effect of DF on the expression of related genes[tonicgulin; adipocyte type fatty acid binding protein(aP2)] during differentiation of mesenchymal stem cells. Results The model of differentiation of tendon cells in rat mesenchymal cell line C3H10T1/2 was established successfully. When DF was at high concentration, mesenchymal cell proliferation was significantly inhibited(24 h:t=2.357,3.524,P<0.05. 72 h:t=3.217,3.592,P<0.05);GDF-7 successfully induced the differentiation of rat mesenchymal cell line C3H10T1/2 into tendon cells. The expression of related genes of tendon cells was significantly increased(TNMD:t=124.107, P<0.05;type Ⅰcollagen protein α1:t=38.107,P<0.05);DF inhibited the expression of tendon genes during the process of the differentiation of mesenchymal stem cells(DF:TNMD:t=31.758,P<0.05), and the expression of fat-related genes was increased(DF:aP2:t=97.735,P<0.05). Conclusion DF can inhibit the proliferation of mesenchymal stem cells and change the direction of mesenchymal differentiation in high concentration. It is not conducive to regeneration and repair of tendon cells.

[Key words] mesenchymal stem cells; Tendon cells; Proliferation and differentiation; Growth differentiation factors

肌腱是膠原結(jié)締組織,連接骨骼和肌肉,是關(guān)節(jié)運(yùn)動(dòng)的基礎(chǔ)。然而,在體育運(yùn)動(dòng)、體力勞動(dòng)過程中,這種反復(fù)性的負(fù)荷運(yùn)動(dòng)易導(dǎo)致肌腱的損傷,從而引起慢性炎癥,典型的表現(xiàn)是局部疼痛及運(yùn)動(dòng)障礙,這些情況下常經(jīng)驗(yàn)性地給予NSAIDs抗炎治療。目的在于緩解癥狀和改善運(yùn)動(dòng)障礙。然而在生物藥理學(xué)上,基于這些藥物的治療對(duì)于肌腱再生的影響作用尚未明確。利用已報(bào)道的實(shí)驗(yàn)方法[1,2],用生長分化因子-7(GDF-7)誘導(dǎo)鼠間充質(zhì)干細(xì)胞系C3H10T1/2分化為肌腱細(xì)胞。評(píng)估雙氯芬酸(DF)對(duì)間充質(zhì)干細(xì)胞向肌腱細(xì)胞增殖分化過程的影響。現(xiàn)報(bào)道如下。

1 材料與方法

1.1 材料及試劑

鼠間充質(zhì)干細(xì)胞系C3H10T1/2,由溫州醫(yī)科大學(xué)外科實(shí)驗(yàn)中心提供;L-DMEM培養(yǎng)基,購自Hyclone公司;小牛血清購自Gibco公司;雙氯芬酸(DF)購自Sigma公司;生長分化因子-7(GDF-7)購自R&D公司;CCK-8試劑盒購自溫州長風(fēng)生物科技公司;PCR試劑盒購自Invitrogen公司。

1.2 方法

(1)細(xì)胞培養(yǎng) 大鼠間充質(zhì)干細(xì)胞(C3H10TY1/2)用含10%小牛血清的L-DMEM常規(guī)培養(yǎng),孵育箱(型號(hào):MCO-20AIC,SANYO)95%O2和5%CO2,每2~3天換液1次。

(2)CCK-8比色法檢測DF對(duì)間充質(zhì)干細(xì)胞增殖的影響 將處于對(duì)數(shù)生長期的間充質(zhì)干細(xì)胞消化傳代,細(xì)胞計(jì)數(shù)并調(diào)整細(xì)胞數(shù)為 1×104接種于 96孔板中,換無血清的 DMEM 培養(yǎng)液,每孔100 μL,培養(yǎng)24 h后按不同濃度分別向各孔中加入DF(終濃度分別為 0、1、10、100、1000 μL),每個(gè)濃度設(shè) 5個(gè)復(fù)孔,繼續(xù)培養(yǎng) 24 h 或 72 h 后每孔加入CCK-8 溶液80 uL,繼續(xù)培養(yǎng)2 h,用自動(dòng)酶標(biāo)儀(型號(hào):WD-2102A,杭州匯爾儀器設(shè)備有限公司)于450 nm 處檢測每孔的吸光度(A)值,以藥物濃度為0的實(shí)驗(yàn)組為對(duì)照組,間接計(jì)算細(xì)胞增殖程度。

(3)GDF-7誘導(dǎo)間充質(zhì)干細(xì)胞向肌腱細(xì)胞分化 將間充質(zhì)干細(xì)胞鋪于6孔板中,每孔細(xì)胞5×105,加入終濃度為50 ng/mL 的 GDF-7 及終濃度 50 μg/mL的抗壞血酸,培養(yǎng) 6 d,誘導(dǎo)間充質(zhì)干細(xì)胞向肌腱細(xì)胞分化。

(4)PCR檢測間充質(zhì)干細(xì)胞向肌腱細(xì)胞分化過程中Ⅰ型膠原蛋白α1、腱調(diào)蛋白的mRNA表達(dá)以未加藥物的實(shí)驗(yàn)組為對(duì)照組,在間充質(zhì)干細(xì)胞向肌腱細(xì)胞誘導(dǎo)分化過程中,請長風(fēng)生物科技公司設(shè)計(jì)大鼠膠Ⅰ型原蛋白α1、腱調(diào)蛋白及內(nèi)參GAPDH的引物,利用PCR技術(shù),分別測定各組細(xì)胞中上述基因的mRNA表達(dá)情況。具體如下:Ⅰ型膠原蛋白α1上游引物:5-GAGCGGAGAGTACTGGATCG -3,下游引物:5-GCTTCTTTTCCTTGGGGTTC -3,擴(kuò)展片斷長195 bp;腱調(diào)蛋白上游引物:5-TGTACTGGATCAATCCCACTCT -3,下游引物:5-GCTCATTCTGGTCAACTCCCCT-3,擴(kuò)增片斷長213 bp;GAPDH上游引物:5-AGGACCAGGTTGTCTCCTG-3,下游引物:5-GGATGGAATTGTGAGGGAGA-3,擴(kuò)增片斷長215 bp;用GAPDH為引物鑒定cDNA,分別擴(kuò)增目標(biāo)基因。反應(yīng)條件:95℃ 20 s 預(yù)變性,擴(kuò)增40個(gè)循環(huán),每個(gè)循環(huán)包括:90℃ 變性3 s,52.1℃ 退火30 s,60℃ 延伸30 s。

(5)DF對(duì)充質(zhì)細(xì)胞形態(tài)的影響 PCR檢測DF對(duì)間充質(zhì)干細(xì)胞向肌腱細(xì)胞分化過程中腱調(diào)蛋白、脂肪細(xì)胞型脂肪酸結(jié)合蛋白(aP2)的mRNA表達(dá)影響。在間充質(zhì)干細(xì)胞向肌腱細(xì)胞誘導(dǎo)分化過程中,從開始分化到第6天各組細(xì)胞加入 DF 1000 μL,然后顯微鏡(型號(hào):XDS-100,上海蔡康光學(xué)儀器有限公司)下觀察細(xì)胞形態(tài)的變化,并分析肌腱細(xì)胞、脂肪細(xì)胞的標(biāo)志物表達(dá)。腱調(diào)蛋白、脂肪細(xì)胞型脂肪酸結(jié)合蛋白(aP2)及內(nèi)參 GAPDH 的引物,具體如下:腱調(diào)蛋白上游引物:5- TGTACTGGATCAATCCCACTCT-3,下游引物:5- GCTCATTCTGGTCAACTCCCCT-3,擴(kuò)增片斷長213 bp;脂肪細(xì)胞型脂肪酸結(jié)合蛋白(aP2)上游引物:5- CATGGCCAAGCCCAACAT -3,下游引物:5-CGCCCAGTTTGAAGGAAATC -3,擴(kuò)增片斷長339 bp;GAPDH上游引物:5-GAGGACCAGGTTGTCTCCTG-3,下游引物:5-GGATGGAATTGTGAGGGAGA-3,擴(kuò)增片斷長 215 bp;用 GAPDH 為引物鑒定cDNA,分別擴(kuò)增目標(biāo)基因。反應(yīng)條件:95℃ 20 s 預(yù)變性,擴(kuò)增40個(gè)循環(huán),每個(gè)循環(huán)包括:90℃ 變性3 s,52.1℃ 退火30 s,60℃ 延伸30 s。

1.3 統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)方法

實(shí)驗(yàn)數(shù)據(jù)資料利用SPSS 16.0進(jìn)行統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)處理,計(jì)量資料以均數(shù)±標(biāo)準(zhǔn)差(x±s)表示,兩樣本均數(shù)間比較用t檢驗(yàn),P<0.05表示差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義。

2 結(jié)果

2.1 DF抑制間充質(zhì)干細(xì)胞的增殖

用 CCK-8 試劑盒做細(xì)胞增殖測定,DF 作用于間充質(zhì)干細(xì)胞 24 h,濃度100 μL、1000 μL的實(shí)驗(yàn)組與對(duì)照組比較表現(xiàn)出抑制作用(t=2.357,3.524,P<0.05),而其他濃度的實(shí)驗(yàn)組均未顯示出抑制作用。DF作用于間充質(zhì)干細(xì)胞72 h,濃度100 μL、1000 μL的實(shí)驗(yàn)組與對(duì)照組比較表現(xiàn)出抑制作用(t=3.217,3.592,P<0.05),而其他濃度的實(shí)驗(yàn)組均未顯示出抑制作用。見表1、圖1。

表1 各培養(yǎng)體系中的吸光度比較(x±s)

2.2 GDF-7促進(jìn)間充質(zhì)干細(xì)胞的分化

GDF-7誘導(dǎo)間充質(zhì)干細(xì)胞向肌腱細(xì)胞分化,可見 GDF-7增強(qiáng)肌腱細(xì)胞標(biāo)志物腱調(diào)蛋白和膠原蛋白1α1的表達(dá)(腱調(diào)蛋白:t=124.107,P<0.05;Ⅰ型膠原蛋白α1:t=38.107,P<0.05)。見表2、圖2。

圖2 GDF-7促進(jìn)間充質(zhì)干細(xì)胞的分化

2.3 DF對(duì)間充質(zhì)干細(xì)胞向肌腱細(xì)胞分化的影響

GDF-7促進(jìn)了間充質(zhì)干細(xì)胞向肌腱細(xì)胞分化,但加入DF后,發(fā)現(xiàn)將間充質(zhì)干細(xì)胞中脂肪細(xì)胞出現(xiàn)增加,見封三圖3A-B。進(jìn)一步通過 PCR 檢測發(fā)現(xiàn) DF明顯抑制了GDF-7誘導(dǎo)的間充質(zhì)干細(xì)胞的腱調(diào)蛋白表達(dá)(DF:腱調(diào)蛋白:t=31.758,P<0.05)。同時(shí)增強(qiáng)了脂肪細(xì)胞標(biāo)記物脂肪酸結(jié)合蛋白表達(dá)(DF:脂肪細(xì)胞型脂肪酸結(jié)合蛋白(aP2):t=97.735,P<0.05),見表3、圖3。

3 討論

肌腱前體細(xì)胞具有干細(xì)胞的性質(zhì)??煞只癁槎喾N間葉組織細(xì)胞,如骨骼,脂肪,軟骨另外還有肌腱[3-5]。肌腱病變在組織學(xué)上表現(xiàn)出肌腱細(xì)胞總數(shù)顯著下降,“非肌腱細(xì)胞”堆積,包括肌成纖維細(xì)胞,脂肪細(xì)胞,軟骨細(xì)胞還有成骨細(xì)胞[6]。因此,從生物學(xué)角度來說,肌腱病變可能歸咎于肌腱干細(xì)胞再生活動(dòng)“失去控制”,肌腱細(xì)胞分化受損而向其它間葉組織分化,肌腱損傷是最常見的運(yùn)動(dòng)損傷之一,包括因關(guān)節(jié)長期的運(yùn)動(dòng)、摩擦或勞損引起炎癥后肌腱末端局部組織變性,及急性運(yùn)動(dòng)創(chuàng)傷造成的肌腱斷裂缺損,是運(yùn)動(dòng)醫(yī)學(xué)中公認(rèn)的治療難題。隨著人們體育活動(dòng)增多,學(xué)習(xí)、工作和生活方式的改變(電腦、手機(jī)的普及等),肌腱損傷日益增多。每億人口中一年至少有上千萬的肌腱損傷病例。同時(shí),肌腱損傷也對(duì)許多優(yōu)秀運(yùn)動(dòng)員的職業(yè)生涯產(chǎn)生巨大威脅,如我國著名跨欄運(yùn)動(dòng)員劉翔,英國足球運(yùn)動(dòng)員皆因肌腱受損而暫別賽場。目前,臨床上對(duì)肌腱損傷的治療的主要方法是理療、手術(shù)縫合等,雖有一定效果,但是療效有限,修復(fù)后肌腱的質(zhì)量遠(yuǎn)不如正常肌腱,易出現(xiàn)肌腱粘連,肌腱結(jié)構(gòu)和力學(xué)性能低下,常重復(fù)斷裂[3,4]。即使是自體肌腱移植修復(fù)也只能達(dá)到正常肌腱力學(xué)性能的左右,且伴隨有大量疤痕組織增生。相對(duì)于其他組織和器官的疾病治療而言,對(duì)肌腱損傷的臨床治療進(jìn)展緩慢,主要原因是肌腱基本發(fā)育生物學(xué)知識(shí)的相對(duì)缺乏。因此,更好的認(rèn)識(shí)肌腱發(fā)育和分化的生理學(xué)和分子信號(hào)網(wǎng)絡(luò),可為肌腱損傷的治療提供新的方法和思路。成熟的肌腱是由致密的膠原纖維和參與調(diào)節(jié)膠原纖維結(jié)構(gòu)的大量細(xì)胞外基質(zhì)分子,如膠原,纖維間基質(zhì)復(fù)合物,蛋白多糖等組成的[5]。這些細(xì)胞外基質(zhì)對(duì)肌腱功能的維持有重要作用。從組成結(jié)構(gòu)上講,肌腱這種特殊的細(xì)胞外基質(zhì)結(jié)構(gòu),加之內(nèi)部血管和神經(jīng)的缺乏,也在一定程度上造成了肌腱修復(fù)的困難。用 GDF-7 誘導(dǎo)成纖維樣細(xì)胞 C3H10T1/2 分化為肌腱細(xì)胞。GDF-7屬于轉(zhuǎn)化生長因子 beta 超家族,它能誘導(dǎo)細(xì)胞肌腱樣結(jié)構(gòu)形成[6]。本研究發(fā)現(xiàn),當(dāng)間充質(zhì)干細(xì)胞暴露于GDF-7時(shí),兩種肌腱相關(guān)蛋白腱調(diào)蛋白和Ⅰ型膠原蛋白a1表達(dá)顯著增加,與當(dāng)前的報(bào)道一致。

NSAIDs 也廣泛的應(yīng)用于減輕軟組織損傷疾病引起的疼痛和炎癥。它們通過增強(qiáng)COX活性,從而減少促炎癥反應(yīng)因子前列腺素合成來抑制組織炎癥。常被運(yùn)動(dòng)員用于外傷性損傷和負(fù)荷行損傷的止痛[7]。DF屬于NSAIDs,可快速而持久的止痛,且有良好的耐藥性。本研究發(fā)現(xiàn)在DF高濃度情況下,出現(xiàn)顯著的抑制細(xì)胞生長和誘導(dǎo)脂肪形成,但是在較低濃度(1、10 μL情況下沒有觀察到這種現(xiàn)象,這個(gè)發(fā)現(xiàn)與當(dāng)前體外研究一致[8,9],有研究認(rèn)為 DF 在濃度 6、7 μL時(shí)對(duì)肌腱細(xì)胞增殖和糖胺聚糖合成沒有負(fù)面影響。由于他們是在口服或局部使用 DF 后,血清和軟組織中DF 濃度很少超過10 μL,因此,有理由認(rèn)為口服和局部使用DF,肌腱有害作用不太可能發(fā)生。然而,肌肉注射DF在術(shù)后止痛中很常見[10],且局部DF注射治療手部腱鞘炎已有報(bào)道,在這些情況下腱內(nèi)的DF濃度可以超過100 μL。因此,評(píng)估其安全性的過程中應(yīng)該將這些對(duì)肌腱副作用計(jì)入其中[11,12]。在美國雙氯芬酸被作為成人治療輕度至中度疼痛使用,并作為單藥或與阿片類鎮(zhèn)痛藥合用中度至重度疼痛的管理[13]。在兩個(gè)多中心,成人急性中度至重度的Ⅲ期研究嚴(yán)重的術(shù)后疼痛,HPBCD雙氯芬酸顯著減輕疼痛強(qiáng)度和對(duì)急救藥物的需求與安慰劑比較[14,15]。在這些研究中,耐受性雙氯芬酸的輪廓大體相似,安慰劑組和不良事件大多為輕度至中度較嚴(yán)重[16]。便秘、輸液部位疼痛、頭暈是最常見的不良反應(yīng)數(shù)值更頻繁發(fā)生氯滅痛比安慰劑[17,18]。與安慰劑相比雙氯芬酸治療似乎并未增加心血管、腎或出血相關(guān)的不良事件[19]。因此,目前雙氯芬酸可延伸用于管理的治療方案成人中度至重度術(shù)后疼痛的研究[20,21]。

綜上所述,本研究建立了一個(gè)相對(duì)簡單可靠的體外實(shí)驗(yàn)?zāi)P?,可用來研究肌腱多功能前體細(xì)胞成肌腱細(xì)胞分化[22]。研究結(jié)果顯示,一些常規(guī)用于肌肉損傷對(duì)癥治療的藥物如DF,在祖細(xì)胞水平對(duì)肌腱再生有比較大的抑制作用,因此慎重使用[23]。

[參考文獻(xiàn)]

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[18] Chelly JE,Singla SK,Melson TI,et al. Safety of a novel parenteral formulation of diclofenac after major orthopedic or abdominal/pelvic surgery in a population including anticoagulated,elderly or renally insufficient patients:An open-label,multiday,repeated dose clinical trial[J]. Pain Med,2013,14(5):749-761.

[19] Gan TJ,Singla N,Daniels SE,et al. Cardiovascular safety of hydroxypropyl-beta-cyclodextrin-diclofenac in the management of acute postsurgical pain:A pooled analysis of 2 randomized,double-blind,placebo-and active comparator-controlled phase III clinical trials[J]. J Clin Anesth,2016,31:249-258.

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(收稿日期:2016-10-12)

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