魏國(guó)華 王娟
[摘要]目的 探討羥考酮復(fù)合右美托咪定在CT引導(dǎo)下肺結(jié)節(jié)射頻消融術(shù)中的應(yīng)用效果。方法 選取2018年3月~2019年9月于我院擇期行CT引導(dǎo)下肺結(jié)節(jié)射頻消融術(shù)的60例患者作為研究對(duì)象,年齡≤65歲,美國(guó)麻醉醫(yī)師協(xié)會(huì)(ASA)分級(jí)Ⅰ、Ⅱ級(jí),結(jié)節(jié)大小均≤3 cm,按照隨機(jī)數(shù)字表法將其分為對(duì)照組(30例)和試驗(yàn)組(30例)。對(duì)照組患者采用丙泊酚復(fù)合瑞芬太尼進(jìn)行麻醉,緩慢推注丙泊酚1 mg/kg,術(shù)中持續(xù)輸注瑞芬太尼2 mg/(kg·h)至手術(shù)結(jié)束;試驗(yàn)組患者采用羥考酮復(fù)合右美托咪定進(jìn)行麻醉,靜脈注射羥考酮0.2 mg/kg,同時(shí)靜脈泵注右美托咪定1 μg/kg(10 min內(nèi)泵注完畢),后以0.2 μg/(kg·h)的速度維持至手術(shù)結(jié)束。記錄兩組患者入室時(shí)(T0)、手術(shù)開(kāi)始時(shí)(T1)、手術(shù)開(kāi)始10 min(T2)、手術(shù)結(jié)束時(shí)(T3)、手術(shù)結(jié)束后10 min(T4)的心率(HR)、平均動(dòng)脈壓(MAP)和脈搏氧飽和度(SpO2);比較兩組患者的蘇醒時(shí)間;記錄兩組患者蘇醒時(shí)刻(t0)、蘇醒后10 min(t1)及蘇醒后30 min(t2)的視覺(jué)模擬量表(VAS)評(píng)分;記錄兩組患者呼吸抑制、術(shù)中低血壓、體動(dòng)及惡心嘔吐不良反應(yīng)發(fā)生情況。結(jié)果 試驗(yàn)組患者的蘇醒時(shí)間短于對(duì)照組,差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P<0.05)。兩組患者T0、T1、T2、T3、T4時(shí)的HR、MAP和SpO2比較,差異無(wú)統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P>0.05)。試驗(yàn)組患者t2時(shí)的VAS評(píng)分及呼吸抑制發(fā)生率均低于對(duì)照組,差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P<0.05)。結(jié)論 羥考酮復(fù)合右美托咪定可安全有效地用于CT引導(dǎo)下的肺結(jié)節(jié)射頻消融術(shù)。
[關(guān)鍵詞]肺結(jié)節(jié);射頻消融術(shù);羥考酮;右美托咪定
[中圖分類(lèi)號(hào)] R614? ? ? ? ? [文獻(xiàn)標(biāo)識(shí)碼] A? ? ? ? ? [文章編號(hào)] 1674-4721(2020)8(b)-0140-04
[Abstract] Objective To investigate the application effect of Oxycodone combined with Dexmedetomidine in CT-guided radiofrequency ablation of pulmonary nodules. Methods A total of 60 patients who underwent CT-guided radiofrequency ablation of pulmonary nodules in our hospital from March 2018 to September 2019 were selected as the research subjects, aged≤65 years old, American Society of Anesthesiologists (ASA) grade Ⅰ and Ⅱ, size of the nodules was ≤3 cm, and they were divided into the control group (30 cases) and the experimental group (30 cases) according to the random number table method. Patients in the control group were anesthetized with Propofol combined with Remifentanil, Propofol at a dose of 1 mg/kg was slowly injected, and the Remifentanil was continuously infused at a dose of 2 mg/(kg·h) until the end of the operation. Patients in the experimental group were anesthetized with Oxycodone combined with Dexmedetomidine, intravenously injected with Oxycodone 0.2 mg/kg, and intravenous injection of Dexmedetomidine 1 μg/kg (pumped within 10 minutes), followed by the speed of 0.2 μg/(kg·h) maintained until the end of the operation. The heart rate (HR), pulse oxygen saturation (SpO2) and mean arterial pressure (MAP) when entering the room (T0), when the operation started (T1), when the operation started 10 minutes (T2), when the operation ended (T3), after the operation ended 10 minutes (T4) of the two groups of patients were recorded. The recovery time of the two groups of patients was compared and the visual analogue scale (VAS) scores of the two groups of patients at the time of waking up (t0), 10 min after waking up (t1) and 30 min after waking up (t2) were recorded. The incidence of adverse reactions, such as respiratory depression, intraoperative hypotension, body movement and nausea and vomiting, was recorded in both groups. Results The recovery time of the experimental group was shorter than that of the control group, and the difference was statistically significant (P<0.05). There were no statistically significant differences in HR, MAP and SpO2 at T0, T1, T2, T3 and T4 between the two groups of patients (P>0.05). The VAS score at t2 and the incidence rate of respiratory depression in the experimental group were lower than those in the control group, the differences were statistically significant (P<0.05). Conclusion Oxycodone combined with Dexmedetomidine can be safely and effectively used in CT-guided radiofrequency ablation of pulmonary nodules.
[Key words] Pulmonary nodule; Radiofrequency ablation; Oxycodone; Dexmedetomidine
CT引導(dǎo)下的肺結(jié)節(jié)射頻消融術(shù)是近年來(lái)治療肺部良性結(jié)節(jié)及高度可疑惡性結(jié)節(jié)的最具前景的治療手段之一,其有創(chuàng)傷小、恢復(fù)快、療效確切等優(yōu)點(diǎn)[1]。與外科手術(shù)相比,肺結(jié)節(jié)射頻消融能夠保留肺實(shí)質(zhì)和肺功能[2],對(duì)心包附近的肺腫瘤同樣安全有效[3]。由于在穿刺及消融過(guò)程中,要求患者保持制動(dòng)和自主呼吸狀態(tài),同時(shí)要為患者提供完善的鎮(zhèn)痛,因此對(duì)麻醉提出了較高的要求。丙泊酚和瑞芬太尼是CT引導(dǎo)下的肺結(jié)節(jié)射頻消融術(shù)中最常使用的麻醉藥物,但其劑量依賴(lài)性的呼吸抑制作用使手術(shù)麻醉過(guò)程中存在一定的安全隱患。右美托咪定作為高選擇性α2受體激動(dòng)劑,具有鎮(zhèn)靜、抗焦慮作用,同時(shí)具有一定的鎮(zhèn)痛作用;新型阿片類(lèi)鎮(zhèn)痛藥羥考酮具有呼吸抑制小的優(yōu)點(diǎn)。本研究旨在探討羥考酮復(fù)合右美托咪定在CT引導(dǎo)下肺結(jié)節(jié)射頻消融術(shù)中的應(yīng)用,為臨床提供一定參考,現(xiàn)報(bào)道如下。
1資料與方法
1.1一般資料
選取2018年3月~2019年9月于我院擇期行CT引導(dǎo)下肺結(jié)節(jié)射頻消融術(shù)的60例患者作為研究對(duì)象。納入標(biāo)準(zhǔn):患者均簽署知情同意書(shū);年齡≤65歲,美國(guó)麻醉醫(yī)師協(xié)會(huì)(ASA)分級(jí)Ⅰ、Ⅱ級(jí);結(jié)節(jié)大小均≤3 cm。排除標(biāo)準(zhǔn):近期上呼吸道感染者;糖尿病、冠心病、心律失?;颊?長(zhǎng)期服用阿片類(lèi)鎮(zhèn)痛藥物患者;存在精神疾病者。按照隨機(jī)數(shù)字表法將其分為對(duì)照組(30例)和試驗(yàn)組(30例)。對(duì)照組中,男18例,女12例;年齡40~65歲,平均(50.6±7.2)歲;體重55.4~78.6 kg,平均(64.9±6.2)kg;手術(shù)時(shí)間16.8~48.2 min,平均(29.2±8.7)min。試驗(yàn)組中,男16例,女14例;年齡37~63歲,平均(48.6±7.5)歲;體重53.6~76.8 kg,平均(65.7±5.1)kg;手術(shù)時(shí)間17.9~47.4 min,平均(32.8±5.6)min。兩組患者的一般資料比較,差異無(wú)統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P>0.05),具有可比性。本研究經(jīng)我院醫(yī)學(xué)倫理委員會(huì)批準(zhǔn)。
1.2方法
所有患者術(shù)前禁食8 h、禁飲4 h,入室后常規(guī)監(jiān)測(cè)心電圖(ECG)、無(wú)創(chuàng)血壓(NIBP)、心率(HR)和脈搏氧飽和度(SpO2)。開(kāi)放靜脈通路,面罩吸氧5 L/min。
對(duì)照組患者緩慢推注丙泊酚(北京費(fèi)森尤斯卡比醫(yī)療有限公司,國(guó)藥準(zhǔn)字 H20170310)1 mg/kg,術(shù)中持續(xù)輸注瑞芬太尼(人福醫(yī)藥公司,生產(chǎn)批號(hào):90A09061)0.2 mg/(kg·h)至手術(shù)結(jié)束。
試驗(yàn)組患者靜脈注射羥考酮(萌蒂制藥有限公司,國(guó)藥準(zhǔn)字 J20110015)0.2 mg/kg,同時(shí)靜脈泵注右美托咪定(揚(yáng)子江醫(yī)藥有限公司,生產(chǎn)批號(hào):19081531)1 μg/kg(10 min內(nèi)泵注完畢),后以0.2 μg/(kg·h)的速度維持至手術(shù)結(jié)束。術(shù)中患者出現(xiàn)呼吸抑制(SpO2<90%)時(shí),可予面罩加壓輔助通氣。
1.3觀察指標(biāo)及評(píng)價(jià)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)
記錄兩組患者入室時(shí)(T0)、手術(shù)開(kāi)始時(shí)(T1)、手術(shù)開(kāi)始10 min(T2)、手術(shù)結(jié)束時(shí)(T3)、手術(shù)結(jié)束后10 min(T4)的的HR、平均動(dòng)脈壓(MAP)和SpO2;記錄兩組患者的蘇醒時(shí)間;記錄兩組患者蘇醒時(shí)刻(t0)、蘇醒后10 min(t1)及蘇醒后30 min(t2)的視覺(jué)模擬量表(VAS)評(píng)分(0分表示無(wú)痛,10分表示難以忍受的劇痛);記錄兩組患者呼吸抑制(SpO2<90%)、術(shù)中低血壓(<基礎(chǔ)值的30%)、體動(dòng)及惡心嘔吐不良反應(yīng)發(fā)生的例數(shù)。
1.4統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)方法
采用SPSS 17.0統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)軟件進(jìn)行數(shù)據(jù)分析,符合正態(tài)分布的計(jì)量資料采用均數(shù)±標(biāo)準(zhǔn)差(x±s)表示,兩組間比較采用t檢驗(yàn),不符合正態(tài)分布者轉(zhuǎn)換為正態(tài)分布后行統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)分析;計(jì)數(shù)資料用率表示,組間比較采用χ2檢驗(yàn),以P<0.05為差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義。
2結(jié)果
2.1兩組患者不同時(shí)間點(diǎn)生命體征的比較
兩組患者T0、T1、T2、T3、T4時(shí)的HR、MAP和SpO2比較,差異無(wú)統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P>0.05);兩組患者T1、T2、T3時(shí)的HR、MAP分別與本組T0比較,差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P<0.05);兩組患者T4時(shí)的HR、MAP及T1~T4時(shí)的SpO2分別與本組T0比較,差異無(wú)統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P>0.05)(表1)。
2.2 兩組患者蘇醒時(shí)間及不同時(shí)間點(diǎn)VAS評(píng)分的比較
對(duì)照組患者的蘇醒時(shí)間為6~16 min,平均(8.87±2.35)min;試驗(yàn)組患者的蘇醒時(shí)間為5~12 min,平均(7.32±2.46)min。試驗(yàn)組患者的蘇醒時(shí)間短于對(duì)照組,差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P<0.05)。
兩組患者t0、t1時(shí)的VAS評(píng)分比較,差異無(wú)統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P>0.05);試驗(yàn)組患者t2時(shí)的VAS評(píng)分低于對(duì)照組,差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P<0.05);兩組患者t1、t2時(shí)的VAS評(píng)分分別與本組t0比較,差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P<0.05)(表2)。
2.3兩組患者不良反應(yīng)發(fā)生情況的比較
兩組患者的術(shù)中低血壓、體動(dòng)以及惡心嘔吐發(fā)生率比較,差異無(wú)統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P>0.05);試驗(yàn)組患者的呼吸抑制發(fā)生率低于對(duì)照組,差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P<0.05)(表3)。
3討論
CT引導(dǎo)下的射頻消融術(shù)具有創(chuàng)傷小、操作方便、療效確切以及受患者影響小等優(yōu)點(diǎn),在肺腫瘤的治療中具有廣闊的應(yīng)用前景,其已被列入美國(guó)國(guó)家綜合癌癥網(wǎng)絡(luò)非小細(xì)胞肺癌(NSCLC)臨床指南[4]。射頻消融術(shù)是使用頻率在460~480 kHz之間的高頻交流電將射頻能量轉(zhuǎn)化為熱能,局部溫度可升高至60~100℃,導(dǎo)致腫瘤細(xì)胞凝固性壞死[5]。然而,局部高溫可能使患者產(chǎn)生灼燒痛感,同時(shí)穿刺部位也會(huì)產(chǎn)生刺痛感,射頻治療成功率、消融時(shí)間等因素與疼痛程度相關(guān)[6]。因此必要的鎮(zhèn)靜鎮(zhèn)痛必不可少,麻醉醫(yī)師通常使用丙泊酚復(fù)合瑞芬太尼來(lái)實(shí)施麻醉,丙泊酚具有誘導(dǎo)迅速、鎮(zhèn)靜作用強(qiáng)、無(wú)藥物蓄積和易于蘇醒等特點(diǎn),但容易產(chǎn)生呼吸抑制和循環(huán)抑制,給手術(shù)麻醉帶來(lái)安全隱患[7]。右美托咪定是一種α2腎上腺素能受體激動(dòng)劑,具有鎮(zhèn)靜、抗焦慮、緩解交感神經(jīng)和鎮(zhèn)痛作用,對(duì)呼吸功能的抑制作用最小,其對(duì)α2受體有很強(qiáng)的選擇性,α2:α1比值為1620∶1[8]。右美托咪定通過(guò)激活藍(lán)斑突觸前和突觸后的α2受體發(fā)揮催眠作用,從而誘導(dǎo)類(lèi)似自然睡眠的無(wú)意識(shí)狀態(tài),其獨(dú)特之處在于患者保持容易喚醒和合作[9]。本研究結(jié)果顯示,試驗(yàn)組患者的蘇醒時(shí)間短于對(duì)照組,差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P<0.05),在術(shù)后復(fù)蘇的過(guò)程中也發(fā)現(xiàn)患者容易被喚醒,這也證實(shí)了右美托咪定使患者處于類(lèi)似自然睡眠的無(wú)意識(shí)狀態(tài),容易被喚醒的特性。既往研究表明,右美托咪定可通過(guò)激活脊髓α2受體,產(chǎn)生部分鎮(zhèn)痛作用,并可節(jié)省阿片藥物用量[10]。即使在深度鎮(zhèn)靜狀態(tài)下,右美托咪定也不會(huì)影響患者自主呼吸[11],與本研究結(jié)果相似。右美托咪定聯(lián)合羥考酮能夠有效減少疼痛,增加羥考酮的鎮(zhèn)痛效果,其作用機(jī)制可能通過(guò)藍(lán)斑核和脊髓去甲腎上腺素能神經(jīng)的超極化抑制疼痛的傳遞,從而產(chǎn)生中樞水平的鎮(zhèn)痛作用[12]。研究發(fā)現(xiàn)右美托咪定可引起短暫的血壓升高,這與直接激活血管平滑肌上的α2腎上腺素能受體引起的血管收縮有關(guān)[13]。本研究中并未發(fā)現(xiàn)血壓異常升高患者,可能是因?yàn)榻o予的負(fù)荷量較小和輸注速率較緩慢。另外,使用右美托咪定的患者圍術(shù)期的血流動(dòng)力學(xué)較為平穩(wěn),由于丙泊酚對(duì)循環(huán)的抑制作用,丙泊酚復(fù)合瑞芬太尼組的患者血壓波動(dòng)較為明顯。
鹽酸羥考酮是一種半合成新型阿片類(lèi)鎮(zhèn)痛藥,為純阿片μ和κ受體雙重激動(dòng)劑,對(duì)μ受體的親和性相對(duì)較低,對(duì)呼吸的影響輕微,不易致成癮性[14],相對(duì)比其他阿片類(lèi)藥物有較好的內(nèi)臟痛效果[15]。其與右美托咪定復(fù)合使用,既能彌補(bǔ)右美的鎮(zhèn)痛性較弱的缺點(diǎn),又能最大程度地減少對(duì)呼吸的抑制作用。在本研究中,試驗(yàn)組患者的呼吸抑制發(fā)生率低于對(duì)照組,差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P<0.05),這與上述相關(guān)研究的藥理作用相一致。羥考酮的消除半衰期較長(zhǎng),在術(shù)后2~5 h仍可以提供鎮(zhèn)痛作用[16],在本研究中也發(fā)現(xiàn)了類(lèi)似的結(jié)果。
綜上所述,與傳統(tǒng)的丙泊酚復(fù)合瑞芬太尼的方案相比,羥考酮復(fù)合右美托咪定用于CT引導(dǎo)下的肺結(jié)節(jié)射頻消融術(shù),鎮(zhèn)痛完善,對(duì)呼吸循環(huán)影響輕微,不良反應(yīng)少,可以在臨床上推廣應(yīng)用。
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(收稿日期:2020-03-11)