艾迪娜?艾斯克爾 聶婧 李霞
摘要:精神行為癥狀(BPSD)是癡呆患者最常見的癥狀之一。創(chuàng)造性藝術(shù)治療(CAT)是癡呆患者安全且有效的非藥物干預(yù)手段之一。本文通過檢索文獻(xiàn),根據(jù)CAT的不同形式,分別闡述了4種最常見的CAT:藝術(shù)治療、音樂治療、舞蹈治療和戲劇治療對(duì)癡呆患者的療效。盡管有各種不足,CAT是伴有BPSD癡呆患者干預(yù)治療的一種安全、無創(chuàng)的新選擇。
關(guān)鍵詞:精神行為癥狀;創(chuàng)造性藝術(shù)治療;音樂治療;藝術(shù)治療;舞蹈治療;戲劇治療
中圖分類號(hào): R749.059文獻(xiàn)標(biāo)志碼: A文章編號(hào):1000-503X(2023)02-0322-05
DOI:10.3881/j.issn.1000-503X.15009
Research Progressin the Application of Creative Arts Therapy to Behavioral and Psychological Symptoms of Dementia
Aisikeer Aidina,NIE Jing,LI Xia
ABSTRACT:Behavioral and psychological symptoms of dementia (BPSD) are common in the patients with dementia.Creative arts therapies (CAT) are one of the safe and effective non-pharmacological interventions for BPSD.This paper elaborates on the therapeutic effects of four common CAT,including art therapy,music therapy,dance therapy,and drama therapy,on BPSD.Despite the shortcomings,CAT offer a new gateway for the safe and noninvasive treatment of BPSD.
Key words:behavioral and psychological symptoms of dementia;creative arts therapy;music therapy;art therapy;dance therapy;drama therapy
Acta Acad Med Sin,2023,45(2):322-326
精神行為癥狀(behavioral and psychological symptoms of dementia,BPSD)可以是癡呆患者的早期癥狀,也可以是疾病發(fā)展過程中的伴隨癥狀[1],有90%以上的癡呆患者在不同病程中都可能伴發(fā)BPSD[2]。Jia等[3]發(fā)表的一項(xiàng)橫斷面研究報(bào)道中國60歲以上老年人癡呆的患病率為6.0%,截至2020年,我國有將近1000萬名老人患有癡呆。
BPSD作為癡呆的常見癥狀,會(huì)增加患者住院風(fēng)險(xiǎn),損害患者日常生活能力,降低患者生活質(zhì)量,甚至加快患者癡呆嚴(yán)重程度的發(fā)展,給照料者及患者帶來沉重的負(fù)擔(dān)[4]。由于伴有BPSD癡呆患者的藥物治療存在療效的不確定性以及安全性問題[5],非藥物干預(yù)越發(fā)受到關(guān)注。創(chuàng)造性藝術(shù)治療(creative arts therapy,CAT)作為非藥物干預(yù)的一種,因其有趣多樣、易于實(shí)施等特點(diǎn)也越來越被專科醫(yī)生、社工及照護(hù)者所重視[6]。探討CAT對(duì)癡呆患者BPSD的改善及其合理的治療策略能夠?yàn)槲覈V呆患者提供更好的服務(wù)。
BPSD的特征以及治療現(xiàn)狀
BPSD主要包括焦慮、抑郁、淡漠、幻覺、妄想、欣快、脫抑制、易激惹、激越、行為異常、睡眠障礙及飲食障礙等多種癥狀[2],其中淡漠(49%)、抑郁(42%)、激越(40%)、焦慮(39%)和睡眠障礙(39%)較為多見[7],而淡漠在癡呆的各個(gè)階段都較突出,并且隨著時(shí)間的推移往往會(huì)惡化[8]。根據(jù)《2018中國癡呆與認(rèn)知障礙診治指南》,癡呆患者BPSD的治療分為藥物治療及非藥物干預(yù)[1]。一方面臨床上藥物治療通常用于緩解較嚴(yán)重的精神病性癥狀(如幻覺、妄想)和情感癥狀,但療效欠佳。同時(shí),藥物治療存在較多不良反應(yīng),如跌倒、骨折、中風(fēng)等,甚至?xí)黾铀劳鲲L(fēng)險(xiǎn)[9]。另一方面,一些BPSD常見癥狀如淡漠,至今為止暫無確證有效的藥物治療方案,非藥物干預(yù)是其唯一及較有效的干預(yù)方式[10]。再者,與藥物治療相比,非藥物干預(yù)似乎可以更有效地減少癡呆患者的激越和攻擊行為[11]。因此非藥物干預(yù)由于不良反應(yīng)少、安全性高的特點(diǎn),成為改善癡呆患者BPSD的首選治療措施[1]。
CAT在癡呆老人中的應(yīng)用現(xiàn)狀
CAT是運(yùn)用創(chuàng)造的原理,使用各種不同藝術(shù)形態(tài)的方式,對(duì)人的意識(shí)做調(diào)整,有目的、有計(jì)劃的為人提供治療干預(yù)的康復(fù)醫(yī)學(xué)方法總稱,包括藝術(shù)治療(art therapy,AT)、音樂治療(music therapy,MT)、舞蹈治療(dance-movement therapy,DMT)、戲劇治療(drama therapy,DT)等多種治療形式[12]。在美國CAT師已經(jīng)成為一門職業(yè),需要經(jīng)過系統(tǒng)化、專業(yè)化的培訓(xùn)和相關(guān)協(xié)會(huì)認(rèn)證后,才能取得注冊治療師證書[13]。早在1979年美國成立了全國CAT協(xié)會(huì)聯(lián)盟,它是一個(gè)致力于推動(dòng)CAT行業(yè)發(fā)展的會(huì)員協(xié)會(huì)聯(lián)盟[13]。不同于傳統(tǒng)的心理治療,多數(shù)CAT是以非語言表達(dá)為媒介,通過創(chuàng)造力來達(dá)到治療效果[6]。近年來與其相關(guān)研究越來越多,不同研究結(jié)果顯示,CAT可以改善參與者的自信心、應(yīng)對(duì)能力、情緒[14-15]、認(rèn)知和執(zhí)行功能[16-17]、社會(huì)能力以及身體機(jī)能[18]。同時(shí),CAT可以改善枯燥的住院生活,使其變得更豐富有趣,并提高患者對(duì)治療者的信任程度[6]。目前歐美國家已經(jīng)將CAT廣泛應(yīng)用于臨床,而我國僅有極少數(shù)醫(yī)療機(jī)構(gòu)開展CAT工作,同時(shí)相關(guān)專業(yè)治療師缺乏,醫(yī)療機(jī)構(gòu)工作人員及民眾對(duì)于CAT工作的認(rèn)知度也較低[19-20]。
CAT類型及其對(duì)BPSD的療效
AT AT是CAT常見的類型之一,英國AT協(xié)會(huì)將其定義為一種把藝術(shù)媒體作為主要交流和表達(dá)方式的心理治療形式[21],包括繪畫、雕塑、粘土、涂鴉、編織等不同藝術(shù)形式。參加AT的個(gè)體不需要有藝術(shù)方面的經(jīng)驗(yàn)或技能,AT師通過藝術(shù)創(chuàng)作的過程和由此產(chǎn)生的藝術(shù)作品來促進(jìn)參加者的非語言和語言的自我表達(dá)和反思[22]。根據(jù)以往研究,藝術(shù)干預(yù)對(duì)癡呆老人的BPSD有積極作用。Schall 等[23]對(duì)44名中重度癡呆老人進(jìn)行為期6周的藝術(shù)干預(yù)后的結(jié)果顯示,與對(duì)照組相比,干預(yù)組神經(jīng)精神量表平均分下降了2.43分(P<0.05)。AT可以改善癡呆老人的躁動(dòng)、攻擊行為[24-25],提高幸福感[26]和自尊心[27-28],緩解焦慮和抑郁情緒[15,23,29],以及改善淡漠[23]。Shoesmith等[30]在藝術(shù)干預(yù)結(jié)束后針對(duì)治療師以及癡呆老人進(jìn)行了訪談,治療者認(rèn)為藝術(shù)干預(yù)改善了患者情緒,激勵(lì)和幫助他們更清晰地思考,患者也在享受治療過程。一項(xiàng)針對(duì)文盲認(rèn)知障礙老人的研究顯示,視覺藝術(shù)干預(yù)的文盲老人老年抑郁量表(geriatric depression scale,GDS)平均分下降了2.89分(P<0.01),表明AT對(duì)文盲老人也有顯著改善情緒的效果[29]。雖然AT對(duì)癡呆療效相關(guān)研究較多,但現(xiàn)有的研究在參與者的特征、AT療程的長短、每次持續(xù)時(shí)間、AT的活動(dòng)性質(zhì)和結(jié)果測量方面都存在差異[31],所以研究結(jié)果也不完全一致[32],關(guān)于AT對(duì)癡呆患者有效性的證據(jù)仍然有限且沒有定論[31]。
MT MT利用音樂及其屬性(如旋律、節(jié)奏、動(dòng)態(tài)、音高),以及治療關(guān)系中的歌曲創(chuàng)作、即興創(chuàng)作和演唱,來達(dá)到優(yōu)化患者的生活質(zhì)量,改善他們的身體機(jī)能、社會(huì)功能、溝通能力、情感交流、認(rèn)知功能等目的[22]。與其他CAT形式相比,音樂有一種特殊的能力,那就是能夠喚起廣泛的情感反應(yīng)[33]。在一項(xiàng)專家共識(shí)中,MT被列為治療癡呆患者BPSD最有希望的非藥物干預(yù)方式之一[34]。2013年Ueda 等[35]的Meta分析顯示,總療程大于3個(gè)月的音樂干預(yù)對(duì)焦慮、抑郁情緒有更顯著的改善作用,總療程小于3個(gè)月的音樂干預(yù)在行為癥狀方面(如激越、淡漠、欣快、易激惹等)療效相對(duì)更顯著。從音樂干預(yù)方式來看,聽力干預(yù)對(duì)抑郁情緒及行為癥狀改善更明顯,而歌唱干預(yù)對(duì)焦慮的影響更顯著[35]。近5年來的相關(guān)研究也驗(yàn)證了音樂干預(yù)對(duì)老年癡呆患者BPSD的積極作用,尤其可以改善患者的焦慮抑郁情緒[14]、躁動(dòng)以及破壞性行為[35-37],同時(shí)可以減輕照料者的痛苦[38]。Dahms 等[39]的一項(xiàng)音樂干預(yù)對(duì)BPSD影響相關(guān)研究中顯示干預(yù)前后患者激越、抑郁評(píng)分分別平均下降了4.5、5分,提示了MT對(duì)激越、抑郁等癥狀存在改善作用。簡短的MT方案甚至可以作為改善阿爾茨海默病患者情緒變量的替代藥物[40]。一項(xiàng)為期12周中國傳統(tǒng)戲曲對(duì)輕中度癡呆患者影響的對(duì)照研究結(jié)果顯示,干預(yù)組和對(duì)照組之間神經(jīng)精神量表的抑郁、焦慮、易激惹、行為異常和進(jìn)食障礙評(píng)分存在顯著差異(P< 0.05),說明了戲曲可能是減輕老年癡呆患者行為和精神癥狀以及提高其生活質(zhì)量的有效療法[41]。目前MT相關(guān)研究在癡呆患者BPSD的療效證據(jù)較可靠,但需要進(jìn)一步明確具體的MT療程、頻次以及每次持續(xù)時(shí)間[42]。
DMT 又稱舞動(dòng)療法,主要利用舞蹈及運(yùn)動(dòng)或通過即興動(dòng)作的方式,使人創(chuàng)造性地參與整個(gè)過程[20]。與其他單一的干預(yù)方式相比,DMT結(jié)合了音樂、運(yùn)動(dòng)及心理治療的因素,因此可以促進(jìn)個(gè)體情感、認(rèn)知、身體和社會(huì)的融合,最終達(dá)到增進(jìn)個(gè)體身體機(jī)能、改善認(rèn)知狀況、促進(jìn)心理健康的目的[20]。早在1999年有研究者報(bào)道,DMT可以為認(rèn)知障礙患者提供一種治療選擇[43]。舞蹈是一種非藥物和廉價(jià)的干預(yù)措施,可以廣泛應(yīng)用于老年人[18]。2021年的一項(xiàng)舞蹈干預(yù)認(rèn)知障礙患者對(duì)照研究的Meta 分析發(fā)現(xiàn),舞蹈干預(yù)對(duì)認(rèn)知功能(SMD=0.54,Z = 3.55,P<0.001)、軀體平衡力(SMD = 0.55,Z = 3.43,P<0.001)和生活質(zhì)量(SMD = 0.93,Z = 5.04,P<0.001)等產(chǎn)生了顯著的積極作用[18]。Ho 等[44]在對(duì)輕度癡呆患者進(jìn)行的一項(xiàng)舞蹈與運(yùn)動(dòng)的隨機(jī)對(duì)照試驗(yàn)中,舞蹈干預(yù)組相對(duì)運(yùn)動(dòng)干預(yù)組抑郁(d=0.33,P<0.05)、孤獨(dú)(d=0.42,P<0.05)評(píng)分顯著降低,日常功能明顯改善(d=0.40,P<0.01)。另一項(xiàng)研究結(jié)果顯示DMT可能對(duì)癡呆患者的焦慮、激越等癥狀也有積極影響[18],但DMT對(duì)BPSD、運(yùn)動(dòng)功能和生活質(zhì)量影響的相關(guān)證據(jù)尚不明確[45]。因此,需要進(jìn)行嚴(yán)格的科學(xué)設(shè)計(jì),包括長期隨訪、神經(jīng)影像學(xué)、生物學(xué)標(biāo)志物和全面的神經(jīng)心理學(xué)評(píng)估,以了解DMT的機(jī)制并證明DMT對(duì)癡呆老年人的療效[18]。
DT 是心理劇的一種,通過有意地使用戲劇及其過程,如化身、戲劇投射、即興創(chuàng)作、角色扮演和表演,來傳達(dá)思想感情,學(xué)習(xí)人際交往能力,可以促進(jìn)生理、心理和社會(huì)變化[22,46]。情緒滿意度指數(shù)通過患者在執(zhí)行娛樂項(xiàng)目期間的積極和消極滿意反應(yīng)的總和來衡量,包括保持清醒、入睡、參與或忽視活動(dòng)、表現(xiàn)出興趣或拒絕等[47]。Maeda等[47]研究提出,戲劇表演的情緒滿意度指數(shù)在各種娛樂項(xiàng)目中最高。一項(xiàng)美國研究提示,基線時(shí)GDS評(píng)分確定在抑郁范圍內(nèi)的癡呆患者,戲曲干預(yù)后GDS評(píng)分平均下降了2.14分,抑郁癥狀減少顯著(d= 0.62,P<0.01)[48]。目前在DT對(duì)BPSD療效相關(guān)研究不多,已有研究提示DT不僅有助于患者保持良好的情緒[49],也可以改善癡呆患者的抑郁癥狀[48-50],從而提升患者注意力,達(dá)到提高患者生活質(zhì)量的目的[50]。盡管DT對(duì)癡呆老年人的康復(fù)有效,但目前臨床應(yīng)用樣本量小,評(píng)估手段尚需規(guī)范和標(biāo)準(zhǔn)化,所以DT作為BPSD非藥物干預(yù)措施,還需要更多臨床研究證據(jù)[49]。
小結(jié)和展望
作為癡呆患者BPSD的非藥物干預(yù)方案,CAT在國外研究及臨床應(yīng)用中較常見,但在國內(nèi)仍然在起步階段。既往研究已經(jīng)顯示CAT的多種形式均對(duì)癡呆患者BPSD有治療效果,尤其在情緒、躁動(dòng)及攻擊行為方面顯示出很好的臨床應(yīng)用前景。令人遺憾的是,由于樣本量小,混雜因素多以及評(píng)估手段不同等不足,阻礙了CAT在臨床治療中的推廣。雖然針對(duì)具有BPSD癡呆患者建立一個(gè)單一的CAT方案既不實(shí)際也不可取,但方法的進(jìn)一步標(biāo)準(zhǔn)化會(huì)改善對(duì)具有BPSD癡呆患者干預(yù)療效的評(píng)估。未來的研究也會(huì)進(jìn)一步闡明CAT的生物機(jī)制。
參 考 文 獻(xiàn)
[1]中國癡呆與認(rèn)知障礙診治指南寫作組,中國醫(yī)師協(xié)會(huì)神經(jīng)內(nèi)科醫(yī)師分會(huì)認(rèn)知障礙疾病專業(yè)委員會(huì).2018中國癡呆與認(rèn)知障礙診治指南(十):癡呆精神行為癥狀鑒別診斷和治療[J].中華醫(yī)學(xué)雜志,2020,100(17):1290-1293.DOI:10.3760/cma.j.cn112137-20191223-02803.
[2]Scassellati C,Ciani M,Maj C,et al.Behavioral and psychological symptoms of dementia (BPSD):clinical characterization and genetic correlates in an Italian Alzheimers disease cohort[J].J Pers Med,2020,10(3):90.DOI:10.3390/jpm10030090.
[3]Jia L,Du Y,Chu L,et al.Prevalence,risk factors,and management of dementia and mild cognitive impairment in adults aged 60 years or older in China:a cross-sectional study[J].Lancet Public Health,2020,5(12):e661-e671.DOI:10.1016/S2468-2667(20)30185-7.
[4]彭晶晶,史戰(zhàn)明,譚小林,等.綜合干預(yù)對(duì)阿爾茨海默病患者精神行為癥狀的影響[J].中國康復(fù),2021,36(12):744-748.DOI:10.3870/zgkf.2021.12.009.
[5]Gerlach LB,Kales HC.Managing behavioral and psychological symptoms of dementia[J].Psychiatr Clin North Am,2018,41(1):127-139.DOI:10.1016/j.psc.2017.10.010.
[6]Chiang M,Reid-Varley WB,F(xiàn)an X.Creative art therapy for mental illness[J].Psychiatry Res,2019,275:129-136.DOI:10.1016/j.psychres.2019.03.025.
[7]Zhao QF,Tan L,Wang HF,et al.The prevalence of neuropsychiatric symptoms in Alzheimers disease:systematic review and meta-analysis[J].J Affect Disord,2016,190:264-271.DOI:10.1016/j.jad.2015.09.069.
[8]Kales HC,Gitlin LN,Lyketsos CG.Assessment and management of behavioral and psychological symptoms of dementia[J].BMJ,2015,350:h369.DOI:10.1136/bmj.h369.
[9]Abraha I,Rimland JM,Trotta FM,et al.Systematic review of systematic reviews of non-pharmacological interventions to treat behavioural disturbances in older patients with dementia.The SENATOR-OnTop series[J].BMJ Open,2017,7(3):e012759.DOI:10.1136/bmjopen-2016-012759.
[10]Deardorff WJ,Grossberg GT.Behavioral and psychological symptoms in Alzheimers dementia and vascular dementia[J].Handb Clin Neurol,2019,165:5-32.DOI:10.1016/B978-0-444-64012-3.00002-2.
[11]Watt JA,Goodarzi Z,Veroniki AA,et al.Comparative efficacy of interventions for aggressive and agitated behaviors in dementia:a systematic review and network meta-analysis[J].Ann Intern Med,2019,171(9):633-642.DOI:10.7326/M19-0993.
[12]Shafir T,Orkibi H,Baker FA,et al.Editorial:the state of the art in creative arts therapies[J].Front Psychol,2020,11:68.DOI:10.3389/fpsyg.2020.00068.
[13]National coalition of creative arts therapies associations.About NCCATA[EO/OL].(2019-08-16)[2022-06-27].https://www.nccata.org/aboutnccata.
[14]Dorris JL,Neely S,Terhorst L,et al.Effects of music participation for mild cognitive impairment and dementia:a systematic review and meta-analysis[J].J Am Geriatr Soc,2021,69(9):2659-2667.DOI:10.1111/jgs.17208.
[15]DCunha NM,McKune AJ,Isbel S,et al.Psychophysiological responses in people living with dementia after an art gallery intervention:an exploratory study[J].J Alzheimers Dis,2019,72(2):549-562.DOI:10.3233/JAD-190784.
[16]Qi M,Zhu Y,Zhang L,et al.The effect of aerobic dance intervention on brain spontaneous activity in older adults with mild cognitive impairment:a resting-state functional MRI study[J].Exp Ther Med,2019,17(1):715-722.DOI:10.3892/etm.2018.7006.
[17]Zhu Y,Zhong Q,Ji J,et al.Effects of aerobic dance on cognition in older adults with mild cognitive impairment:a systematic review and meta-analysis[J].J Alzheimers Dis,2020,74(2):679-690.DOI:10.3233/JAD-190681.
[18]Wu VX,Chi Y,Lee JK,et al.The effect of dance interventions on cognition,neuroplasticity,physical function,depression,and quality of life for older adults with mild cognitive impairment:a systematic review and meta-analysis[J].Int J Nurs Stud,2021,122:104025.DOI:10.1016/j.ijnurstu.2021.104025.
[19]劉謙.音樂治療在老年醫(yī)學(xué)領(lǐng)域的應(yīng)用[J].中國臨床保健雜志,2020,23(3):309-312.DOI:10.3969/J.issn.1672-6790.2020.03.006.
[20]程鈺,蘇濤,管玉梅.舞動(dòng)療法在癡呆病人非藥物治療中的應(yīng)用研究進(jìn)展[J].護(hù)理研究,2021,35(20):3647-3651.DOI:10.12102/j.issn.1009-6493.2021.20.014.
[21]British association of art therapists.What is art therapy[EO/OL].(2033-05-10)[2022-06-27].https://www.baat.org/About-Art-Therapy.
[22]de Witte M,Orkibi H,Zarate R,et al.From therapeutic factors to mechanisms of change in the creative arts therapies:a scoping review[J].Front Psychol,2021,12:678397.DOI:10.3389/fpsyg.2021.678397.
[23]Schall A,Tesky VA,Adams AK,et al.Art museum-based intervention to promote emotional well-being and improve quality of life in people with dementia:the ARTEMIS project[J].Dementia (London),2018,17(6):728-743.DOI:10.1177/1471301217730451.
[24]Chancellor B,Duncan A,Chatterjee A.Art therapy for Alzheimers disease and other dementias[J].J Alzheimers Dis,2014,39(1):1-11.DOI:10.3233/JAD-131295.
[25]Hsiao CY,Chen SL,Hsiao YS,et al.Effects of art and reminiscence therapy on agitated behaviors among older adults with dementia[J].J Nurs Res,2020,28(4):e100.DOI:10.1097/jnr.0000000000000373.
[26]Seifert K,Spottke A,F(xiàn)liessbach K.Effects of sculpture based art therapy in dementia patients-A pilot study[J].Heliyon,2017,3(11):e00460.DOI:10.1016/j.heliyon.2017.e00460.
[27]Richards AG,Tietyen AC,Jicha GA,et al.Visual arts education improves self-esteem for persons with dementia and reduces caregiver burden:a randomized controlled trial[J].Dementia (London),2019,18(7-8):3130-3142.DOI:10.1177/1471301218769071.
[28]Windle G,Joling KJ,Howson-Griffiths T,et al.The impact of a visual arts program on quality of life,communication,and well-being of people living with dementia:a mixed-methods longitudinal investigation[J].Int Psychogeriatr,2018,30(3):409-423.DOI:10.1017/S1041610217002162.
[29]Masika GM,Yu DSF,Li PWC.Can visual art therapy be implemented with illiterate older adults with mild cognitive impairment? a pilot mixed-method randomized controlled trial[J].J Geriatr Psychiatry Neurol,2021,34(1):76-86.DOI:10.1177/0891988720901789.
[30]Shoesmith E,Charura D,Surr C.Acceptability and feasibility study of a six-week person-centred,therapeutic visual art intervention for people with dementia[J].Arts Health,2021,13(3):296-314.DOI:10.1080/17533015.2020.1802607.
[31]Deshmukh SR,Holmes J,Cardno A.Art therapy for people with dementia[J].Cochrane Database Syst Rev,2018,9(9):CD011073.DOI:10.1002/14651858.CD011073.pub2.
[32]Hattori H,Hattori C,Hokao C,et al.Controlled study on the cognitive and psychological effect of coloring and drawing in mild Alzheimers disease patients[J].Geriatr Gerontol Int,2011,11(4):431-437.DOI:10.1111/j.1447-0594.2011.00698.x.
[33]Sachs ME,Damasio A,Habibi A.The pleasures of sad music:a systematic review[J].Front Hum Neurosci,2015,9:404.DOI:10.3389/fnhum.2015.00404.
[34]Kales HC,Lyketsos CG,Miller EM,et al.Management of behavioral and psychological symptoms in people with Alzheimers disease:an international Delphi consensus[J].Int Psychogeriatr,2019,31(1):83-90.DOI:10.1017/S1041610218000534.
[35]Ueda T,Suzukamo Y,Sato M,et al.Effects of music therapy on behavioral and psychological symptoms of dementia:a systematic review and meta-analysis[J].Ageing Res Rev,2013,12(2):628-641.DOI:10.1016/j.arr.2013.02.003.
[36]Zhang Y,Cai J,An L,et al.Does music therapy enhance behavioral and cognitive function in elderly dementia patients? a systematic review and meta-analysis[J].Ageing Res Rev,2017,35:1-11.DOI:10.1016/j.arr.2016.12.003.
[37]Gómez-Gallego M,Gómez-Gallego JC,Gallego-Mellado M,et al.Comparative efficacy of active group music intervention versus group music listening in Alzheimers disease[J].Int J Environ Res Public Health,2021,18(15):8067.DOI:10.3390/ijerph18158067.
[38]DAniello GE,Cammisuli DM,Cattaneo A,et al.Effect of a music therapy intervention using gerdner and colleagues protocol for caregivers and elderly patients with dementia:a single-blind randomized controlled study[J].J Pers Med,2021,11(6):455.DOI:10.3390/jpm11060455.
[39]Dahms R,Eicher C,Haesner M,et al.Influence of music therapy and music-based interventions on dementia:a pilot study[J].J Music Ther,2021,58(3):e12-e36.DOI:10.1093/jmt/thab005.
[40]de la Rubia Ortí JE,García-Pardo MP,Iranzo CC,et al.Does music therapy improve anxiety and depression in Alzheimers patients[J].J Altern Complement Med,2018,24(1):33-36.DOI:10.1089/acm.2016.0346.
[41]Chen X,Li D,Xu H,et al.Effect of traditional opera on older adults with dementia[J].Geriatr Nurs,2020,41(2):118-123.DOI:10.1016/j.gerinurse.2019.08.002.
[42]van der Steen JT,Smaling HJ,van der Wouden JC,et al.Music-based therapeutic interventions for people with dementia[J].Cochrane Database Syst Rev,2018,7(7):CD003477.DOI:10.1002/14651858.CD003477.pub4.
[43]Karkou V,Meekums B.Dance movement therapy for dementia[J].Cochrane Database Syst Rev,2017,2(2):CD011022.DOI:10.1002/14651858.CD011022.pub2.
[44]Ho RTH,F(xiàn)ong TCT,Chan WC,et al.Psychophysiological effects of dance movement therapy and physical exercise on older adults with mild dementia:a randomized controlled trial[J].J Gerontol B Psychol Sci Soc Sci,2020,75(3):560-570.DOI:10.1093/geronb/gby145.
[45]Liu C,Su M,Jiao Y,et al.Effects of dance interventions on cognition,psycho-behavioral symptoms,motor functions,and quality of life in older adult patients with mild cognitive impairment:a meta-analysis and systematic review[J].Front Aging Neurosci,2021,13:706609.DOI:10.3389/fnagi.2021.706609.
[46]屈英,李育芳,肖廣榮,等.戲劇治療慢性精神分裂癥的對(duì)照研究[J].中華精神科雜志,2000(4):44-46.DOI:10.3760/j:issn:1006-7884.2000.04.013.
[47]Maeda Y,Kaneda E,F(xiàn)ujii M,et al.Emotional satisfaction index for dementia patients[J].Geriatr Gerontol Int,2016,16(4):530-532.DOI:10.1111/ggi.12554.
[48]Zeisel J,Skrajner MJ,Zeisel EB,et al.Scripted-IMPROV:interactive improvisational drama with persons with dementia-effects on engagement,affect,depression,and quality of life[J].Am J Alzheimers Dis Other Demen,2018,33(4):232-241.DOI:10.1177/1533317518755994.
[49]Maeda Y,F(xiàn)ukushima K,Kyoutani S,et al.Dramatic performance by a professional actor for the treatment of patients with behavioral and psychological symptoms of dementia[J].Tohoku J Exp Med,2020,252(3):263-267.DOI:10.1620/tjem.252.263.
[50]Lin LW,Lu YH,Chang TH,et al.Effects of drama therapy on depressive symptoms,attention,and quality of life in patients with dementia[J].J Nurs Res,2021,30(1):e188.DOI:10.1097/jnr.0000000000000468.
(收稿日期:2022-03-25)
基金項(xiàng)目:國家科技部重點(diǎn)研發(fā)計(jì)劃(2017YFC1310500)和第五輪上海市加強(qiáng)公共衛(wèi)生體系建設(shè)三年行動(dòng)計(jì)劃-惠民項(xiàng)目(GWV-9.2)
中國醫(yī)學(xué)科學(xué)院學(xué)報(bào)2023年2期